长江下游百年一遇的极值风速分布

利用2000-2006年长江下游沿江8个风速、风向观测点与邻近气象站同步对比观测资料和1971—2006年长江下游40个气象站风资料, 依据具99%置信水平的数理重构方案和极值Ⅰ型计算方法, 详细给出长江下游百年一遇风速分布状况。结果表明:长江下游沿江地区百年一遇极值风速为25~38 m/s, 较一般方法上限高3 m/s, 下限低2 m/s; 长江南京—镇江段和南通—崇明段, 是长江下游沿江地区的两个大风区, 百年一遇极值风速不低于29 m/s, 其在入海口附近可达34 m/s以上; 在长江常州—江阴段, 江南、江北对称分布两个风速相对低值区, 百年一遇极值风速为23~24 m/s。该结果充分考虑气象站风速资料和局地风速状况, 是沿江相关工程气象应用的重要补充。     

A New Method for Calculating the Wind Speed Distribution of a Moving Tropical Cyclone

Based on gradient wind equations,including frictional force,and considering the effect of the movement of a tropical cyclone on wind speed,the Fujita Formula is improved and further simplified,and the numerical scheme for calculating the maximum wind speed radius and wind velocity distribution of a moving tropical cyclone is derived.In addition,the effect of frictional force on the internal structure of the tropical cyclone is discussed.By comparison with observational data,this numerical scheme demonstrate...     

2010年8月丹东连续两次副热带高压暴雨多普勒雷达回波对比分析

利用丹东多普勒雷达的基本反射率、基本径向速度和风廓线资料,对2010年8月19日和20日丹东地区大暴雨天气过程进行分析,探讨丹东短时强降水天气形势和多普勒雷达回波特征。结果表明：在丹东处于副热带高压内部或边缘时,南下的冷空气与副热带高压后部暖湿空气势力相当时,形成丹东地区较典型的暴雨模式。风廓线产品在强降水前期,会产生一个水汽累积的过程,两次过程中出现短时强降雨时段均表现为高空急流出现和高空动量下传。这种高空动量的下传使低空急流得到加强,低层进一步辐合,使雨强明显增大。两次过程中降水回波区均形成一条40 dBz以上的回波带,回波移动方向与回波带轴向一致,导致沿途站降水时间偏长,降水总量偏多。逆风区出现时间与强降雨时段有较好的配合,其位置与强回波区的对应关系揭示出逆风区厚度越大、对应的反射率因子强度越强,产生的降水强度也越大。     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡山谷太阳辐射和大气的特征与分析

2006年5月27日～6月30日HEST2006大气科学实验对珠峰北坡山谷的辐射(总辐射、净辐射)和温、湿度、风等进行了综合观测.沿珠峰北坡山谷布设了3个观测站,3个测站的辐射、温度、风都表现出明显的日变化规律,它们在08:00或09:00(地方时,下同)达到极大值.3个测站总辐射和净辐射的日变化都七匕较一致.从日变化最大值出现的时间来看,各站的辐射通量早于气温,气温早于风速.3个测站中任意2站之间辐射(总辐射、净辐射)最大值之比与温度和风速最大值之比均比较接近.因辐射状况、地形结构、大气温度等不同,远离珠峰区域的风一天之内多次改变风向,靠近珠峰区域则24h都为南风.珠峰北坡山谷不同区域风向风速变化存在明显时差,南风强于北风,且持续时间长.研究表明,辐射能量对于珠峰北坡大气运动具有重要的驱动作用,是控制和改变其大气运动方式最基本、最重要的因子.净辐射在不同区域风向转变或风速变化过程中起着决定性的作用.     

基于均一化观测序列的京津冀地区气候变化格局分析

利用1960~2015年京津冀地区88个国家级气象站观测资料（包括日平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温、日降水、日平均风速等）,使用MASH（Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization）方法剔除台站迁址、仪器变更等因素所致偏差后,生成均一化的观测资料集。基于新资料集计算了各站气温、降水和凤速序列的线性趋势和Morlet小波等统计特征,分析了京津冀地区气候变化格局。结果表明:MASH方法能较准确地检测并校订观测序列中迁站、仪器变更等因素所导致的非均一性;1960~2015年期间京津冀年平均气温显著上升,上升幅度为0.261℃/10 a;降水减少,平均减少11.27 mm/10 a;风速显著减小,平均减小0.193 m s-1（10 a）-1。     

基于CFD模型的内陆核电厂厂区流场模拟

以内陆某核电厂为例,简述了利用流体力学软件STAR-CCM+模拟内陆核电厂厂区流场及大型自然通风冷却塔雾羽扩散的实现原理,介绍如何将SolidWorks2010建立的核电厂厂区模型导入到STAR-CCM+,给出了STAR-CCM+划分网格的过程,说明了边界层划分的基本假定条件和参数。将STAR-CCM+模拟的数据与风洞实验数据进行了比较,结果显示了较好的一致性。结果表明：在离地面5m的高度处,大型自然通风冷却塔背风面形成较大的空腔区,空腔区风速较小,只有1-1.5 m/s,部分区域达到静风;在冷却塔两侧风速相比入口速度增大了1.66倍;在离开地面100 m的高空,冷却塔背风面的空腔区依然比较明显,冷却塔两侧风速相比入口风速,其变化趋于平稳;在沿主导风向的轴线上,冷却塔两侧风的扰动依次加强;单台冷却塔雾羽最大的抬升高度出现在下风向距离3300 m处,最大抬升高度为690 m,4台冷却塔雾羽在下风向距离3300 m的抬升高度约为850 m,是单台冷却塔的1.23倍。     

山东半岛风电爬坡事件的识别与天气分析研究

根据山东省24个风电场2013年全年每15 min的风电输出功率实测数据以及相应的WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)气象预测数据和FNL(Final Operational Global Analysis)再分析资料,分析了区域大规模风电爬坡现象与大尺度天气系统演变的联系。结果显示,大尺度天气系统,特别是阻塞高压系统,是诱发山东地区大规模风电爬坡的重要因素;爬坡事件的预测应当考虑天气演变的因素。进一步结合旋转门(The Swinging Door,TSD)算法重新讨论了爬坡事件的定义与识别,并在此基础上分析了爬坡事件的特征及其可预报性;并指出风电功率上报、考核制度应当重点考虑爬坡时间段的预测水平,以提高电网运行的稳定性。     

2001年春季中国北方沙尘暴的环流动力结构分析

通过对2001年春季中国北方5次沙尘暴的高度场，涡度场，散度场和风场的分析，研究了沙尘暴强盛期的环流动力结构。结果表明，在5次沙尘暴强盛期有相似的环流动力结构特征。在沙尘暴强盛期的高度场上，蒙古国有深厚的低值系统，乌拉尔高压发展，其间的强气压梯度是沙尘暴的动力源；低值系统有正涡度中心支持，外围是负涡度区，其间有强涡度梯度带；低值中心伴随有低层辐合高层辐散的垂直结构，易于发生近地面大风和上升气流，有利于地面起沙上扬，形成沙尘暴，大风区与强涡度梯度带一致，强风带切变形成的涡度输送有利于加强低值系统，进而增强风场。     

Modeled Sverdrup flow in the North Atlantic from 11 different wind stress climatologies

In studies of large-scale ocean dynamics, often quoted values of Sverdrup transport are computed using the Hellerman–Rosenstein wind stress climatology. The Sverdrup solution varies, however, depending on the wind set used. We examine the differences in the large-scale upper ocean response to different surface momentum forcing fields for the North Atlantic Ocean by comparing the different Sverdrup interior/Munk western boundary layer solutions produced by a 1/16° linear numerical ocean model forced by 11 different wind stress climatologies. Significant differences in the results underscore the importance of careful selection of a wind set for Sverdrup transport calculation and for driving nonlinear models. This high-resolution modeling approach to solving the linear wind-driven ocean circulation problem is a convenient way to discern details of the Sverdrup flow and Munk western boundary layers in areas of complicated geometry such as the Caribbean and Bahamas. In addition, the linear solutions from a large number of wind sets provide a well-understood baseline oceanic response to wind stress forcing and thus, (1) insight into the dynamics of observed circulation features, by themselves and in conjunction with nonlinear models, and (2) insight into nonlinear model sensitivity to the choice of wind-forcing product.The wind stress products are evaluated and insight into the linear dynamics of specific ocean features is obtained by examining wind stress curl patterns in relation to the corresponding high-resolution linear solutions in conjunction with observational knowledge of the ocean circulation. In the Sverdrup/Munk solutions, the Gulf Stream pathway consists of two branches. One separates from the coast at the observed separation point, but penetrates due east in an unrealistic manner. The other, which overshoots the separation point at Cape Hatteras and continues to flow northward along the continental boundary, is required to balance the Sverdrup interior transport. A similar depiction of the Gulf Stream is commonly seen in the mean flow of nonlinear, eddy-resolving basin-scale models of the North Atlantic Ocean. An O(1) change from linear dynamics is required for realistic simulation of the Gulf Stream pathway. Nine of the eleven Sverdrup solutions have a C-shaped subtropical gyre, similar to what is seen in dynamic height contours derived from observations. Three mechanisms are identified that can contribute to this pattern in the Sverdrup transport contours. Along 27°N, several wind sets drive realistic total western boundary current transport (within 10% of observed) when a 14 Sv global thermohaline contribution is added (COADS, ECMWF 10 m re-analysis and operational, Hellerman–Rosenstein and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) surface stress re-analysis), a few drive transport that is substantially too high (ECMWF 1000 mb re-analysis and operational and Isemer–Hasse) and Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC) surface stresses give linear transport that is slightly weaker than observed. However, higher order dynamics are required to explain the partitioning of this transport between the Florida Straits and just east of the Bahamas (minimal in the linear solutions vs. 5 Sv observed east of the Bahamas). Part of the Azores Current transport is explained by Sverdrup dynamics. So are the basic path of the North Atlantic Current (NAC) and the circulation features within the Intra-Americas Sea (IAS), when a linear rendition of the northward upper ocean return flow of the global thermohaline circulation is added in the form of a Munk western boundary layer.     

发展与不发展南海扰动的能量收支与转换特征

利用多年逐月海温距平和区风应力距平观测资料,运用线性回归和ＥＯＦ分析方法,分析了ＥＮＳＯ相联系的热带太平洋典型风应力异常场结构。结果显示,与ＥＮＳＯ线性相关的风应力异常场在时间尺度上表现为低频变化,在水平结构上主要表现为四个典型分布。