风廓线雷达的发展与现状

通过对国内外主要风廓线雷达产品发展情况的介绍,比较了它们的主要技术指标和测量性能,分析了天线、发射机采用不同技术体制时的优缺点。对未来的主要工作提出了建议。     

On the Impact of Trees on Dispersion Processes of Traffic Emissions in Street Canyons

Wind-tunnel studies of dispersion processes of traffic exhaust in urban street canyons with tree planting were performed and tracer gas concentrations using electron capture detection (ECD) and flow fields using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) were measured. It was found that tree planting reduces the air exchange between street canyons and the ambience. In comparison to treeless street canyons, higher overall pollutant concentrations and lower flow velocities were measured. In particular, for perpendicular approaching wind, markedly higher concentrations at the leeward canyon wall and slightly lower concentrations at the windward canyon wall were observed. Furthermore, a new approach is suggested to model porous vegetative structures such as tree crowns for small-scale wind-tunnel applications. The approach is based on creating different model tree crown porosities by incorporating a certain amount of wadding material into a specified volume. A significant influence of the crown porosity on pollutant concentrations was found for high degrees of porosity, however, when it falls below a certain threshold, no further changes in pollutant concentrations were observed.     

Characteristics of Submeso Winds in the Stable Boundary Layer

The characteristics of submeso motions in the stable boundary layer are examined using observations from networks of sonic anemometers with network sizes ranging from a few hundred metres to 100 km. This study examines variations on time scales between 1 min and 1 h. The analysis focuses on the behaviour of the spectra of the horizontal kinetic energy, the ratios of the three velocity variances, their kurtosis, the dependence of horizontal variability on time scale, and the inter-relationship between vertical vorticity, horizontal divergence and deformation. Motions on larger time and space scales in the stable boundary layer are found to be nearly two-dimensional horizontal modes although the ratio of the vorticity to the divergence is generally on the order of one and independent of scale. One exception is a small network where stronger horizontal divergence is forced by a decrease in surface roughness. The horizontal variability, averaged over 1 h, appears to be strongly influenced by surface heterogeneity and increases with wind speed. In contrast, the time dependence of the horizontal structure on time scales less than one hour tends to be independent of wind speed for the present datasets. The spectra of the horizontal kinetic energy and the ratio of the crosswind velocity variance to the along-wind variance vary substantially between networks. This study was unable to isolate the cause of such differences. As a result, the basic behaviour of the submeso motions in the stable boundary layer cannot be generalized into a universal theory, at least not from existing data.     

The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over northern China

The characteristics of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning for ten hailstorms in Shandong Province of China were analyzed statistically. It is found that the hailstorms in this study present dominant positive CG flashes during periods of falling hail. One specific hailstorm on 16 June 2006 was studied in detail using the data from a CG lightning location network, Doppler radar and cloud images. Comparison between the brightness temperature of cloud-top and CG flash locations indicated that most flashes occurred in the region with temperatures lower than − 40 °C, while dense positive CG flashes occurred in the range between − 40 °C and − 50 °C. Negative CG flashes occurred mostly in the relative weak radar echo region, and positive CG flashes were distributed in the strong echo region especially with a large gradient of echo intensity. CG flashes tended to occur in the cloud region with reflectivity between 25 dBZ and 35 dBZ. Comparison between the wind field retrieved from Doppler radar and the location of CG flashes indicated that the flashes were located in the convergent region at lower to middle levels.     

河北地区边界层内不同高度风速变化特征

为了研究城市化进程对风速变化的影响,利用1971-2006年河北省境内邢台、张家口和乐亭3个探空站高空风观测资料和对应地面站风观测资料,统计分析了边界层内距地面10m、300m、600m、900m 4个高度的长期风速变化特征,比较了不同高度风速变化趋势的异同.分析结果表明:3站年和季节平均风速随着距地面高度的增加而变大,但最大的风速垂直递增率出现在从10m到300m之间;各站各高度层月平均风速具有明显的季节变化特征,春季风速最大,夏季较小;在近36年里,3站平均的地面(10m高)年和季节平均风速变化存在显著的减少趋势,300m以上各高度层平均风速一般也降低,但远没有地面明显;不同高度平均风速变化趋势的差异可能主要是由城市化以及台站附近观测环境的改变引起的,这使得地面风速明显减弱;但地面以上各层平均风速同样存在一定减弱现象,说明背景大气环流的变化也是地面风速下降的原因之一.     

热带气旋对中国沿海风电开发的影响

利用1961-2006年热带气旋(TC)资料,选取进入距海岸3个纬距左右警戒区的TC为影响中国沿海风电开发的TC;根据风电工程风电机组(WTGS)安全等级,详细分析了影响中国沿海地区TC路径、强度、风力的气候特征,发现进入警戒区后台风和强热带风暴占59.5%,超强台风、强台风占总频数的21.5%;TC造成的10分钟平均最大风速40m·s~(-1)以上的区域集中在珠江口以东的广东沿海和海南东部沿海和浙闽交界处;登陆福建及以北沿海强度达台风以上的常造成≥25m·s~(-1)的强风,而在福建以南登陆并造成强风的为强热带风暴以上;福建中南部沿海TC大风的可利用率达80%以上;TC威胁风电机组安全的区域主要在浙江的中部沿海、浙闽交界处沿海和珠江口以东的广东沿海.     

南京地区初夏一次阵风锋过程的分析与识别

阵风锋过程一般伴随中尺度强对流系统发生, 在近地层形成很大的阵风及风切变, 容易造成风灾, 特别是对航空部门有很大的影响。本文对2006年6月29日发生在南京的一次由强中尺度对流系统引发的阵风锋过程进行分析, 通过多普勒天气雷达资料以及地面中尺度观测网观测到的实况, 可以清楚地看出这个阵风锋系统的结构。当阵风锋经过时, 地面测站观测到明显的风向变化、 风速增大、 气压增强、 温度下降, 而后出现强降水等特点, 这些都符合阵风锋的结构特征。利用地面测站实时观测到的气压、 相对湿度、 温度等计算得到折射指数, 它在阵风锋刚经过时迅速增大, 而后随阵风锋外移逐渐减小, 但是因为阵风锋后对流系统的影响, 折射指数还要维持很长时间的高值。从雷达观测的反射率强度上能看到阵风锋位置的回波强度、 高度都比两侧要大, 与后方强对流系统之间的距离有5～10 km。对雷达观测到的径向速度进行反演, 可看到上层的速度大于近地层速度, 并且强速度中心靠前, 在近地层形成向后的气流(回流)。阵风锋在多普勒速度场中表现出明显的线状组合切变, 利用阵风锋的这个特点设计自动识别算法, 能够有效地对阵风锋进行识别, 组合切变也能有效地对阵风锋的发展以及移动作预报。     

2008年8月1~2日滁州特大暴雨双多普勒雷达三维风场反演试验的初步结果

受“凤凰”低压和冷空气共同影响, 2008年8月1~2日安徽省东部和江苏西部部分地区出现大雨, 局部地区暴雨到特大暴雨。滁州和全椒24 h雨量分别为429 mm和414 mm, 此次特大暴雨具有局地性和降水强度大的特点。使用南京和马鞍山双多普勒雷达时间同步观测资料, 对此次暴雨的三维风场进行反演, 在此基础上, 研究了暴雨的三维风场结构。由雷达回波分析可知, 此次暴雨是由β中尺度对流系统造成的, 在β中尺度对流系统内部还有γ中尺度对流单体, 对流单体发展非常旺盛。中低层切变线自西向东移入降水区后, 在该地区停留较长时间, 加之有充足的水汽供应, 造成了局地特大暴雨。在垂直剖面内, 对流系统发展旺盛, 强降水区上空回波较强且对应着较强的上升气流区, 而在强回波中心区的两侧均有下沉气流。当切变线减弱并移出降水区后, 强降水停止。     

湖北大畈核电站周边地区龙卷风参数的计算与分析

通过气象站记录、灾害大典、气候影响评价等多种途径,收集了核电站周边地区的300 km×300 km区域1956—2000年间的龙卷风资料,并根据《核安全导则汇编（上册）》规定的方法详细计算了龙卷风各个参数间的关系,最后给出核电站的龙卷风设计基准参数,即最大风速为70 m/s（对应概率为1×10-8）,平移速度13.5 m/s,旋转半径206 m,最大气压降9.9 hPa,设计基准等级为F3级,这些结论已在设计部门得到应用。     

An Assessment of the Quality of Surface Sensible Heat Flux Derived from Reanalysis Data through Comparison with Station Observations in Northwest China

The present study compares seasonal and interdecadal variations in surface sensible heat flux over Northwest China between station observations and ERA-40 and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data for the period 1960-2000.While the seasonal variation in sensible heat flux is found to be consistent between station observations and the two reanalysis datasets,both land-air temperatures difference and surface wind speed show remarkable systematic differences.The sensible heat flux displays obvious interdecadal variability that is season-dependent.In the ERA-40 data,the sensible heat flux in spring,fall,and winter shows interdecadal variations that are similar to observations.In the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data,sensible heat flux variations are inconsistent with and sometimes even opposite to observations.While surface wind speeds from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data show interdecadal changes consistent with station observations,variations in land-air temperature difference differ greatly from the observed dataset.In terms of land-air temperature difference and surface wind speed,almost no consistency with observations can be identified in the ERA-40 data,apart from the land-air temperature difference in fall and winter.These inconsistencies pose a major obstacle to the application in climate studies of surface sensible heat flux derived from reanalysis data.