TURBULENCE STRUCTURE IN A STRATIFIED BOUNDARY LAYER UNDER STABLE CONDITIONS

Turbulence structure in stably stratified boundary layers isexperimentally investigated by using a thermally stratified wind tunnel. Astably stratified flow is created by heating the wind tunnel airflow to atemperature of about 50 °C and by cooling the test-section floor to asurface temperature of about 3 °C. In order to study the effect ofbuoyancy on turbulent boundary layers for a wide range of stability, thevelocity and temperature fluctuations are measured simultaneously at adownwind position of 23.5 m from the tunnel entrance, where the boundarylayer is fully developed. The Reynolds number, Re, ranges from 3.14× 104 to 1.27 × 105, and the bulk Richardson number, Ri,ranges from 0 to 1.33. Stable stratification rapidly suppresses thefluctuations of streamwise velocity and temperature as well as the verticalvelocity fluctuation. Momentum and heat fluxes are also significantlydecreased with increasing stability and become nearly zero in the lowest partof the boundary layer with strong stability. The vertical profiles ofturbulence quantities exhibit different behaviour in three distinct stabilityregimes, the neutral flows, the stratified flows with weak stability(Ri = 0.12, 0.20) and those with strong stability (Ri= 0.39,0.47, 1.33). Of these, the two regimes of stratified flows clearly showdifferent vertical profiles of the local gradient Richardson number Ri,separated by the critical Richardson number Ri cr of about 0.25. Moreover,turbulence quantities in stable conditions are well correlated with Ri.     

一次华南超级单体风暴的S波段偏振雷达观测分析

利用珠海与澳门共建的中国首部S波段业务双偏振雷达探测资料、风廓线资料和地面加密观测资料,对2015年4月20日发生在珠海附近的一次典型华南春季冷锋触发的超级单体风暴的偏振观测特征进行了分析。天气分析表明,风暴发生于地面冷锋和低空切变线附近,中等对流不稳定（对流有效位能为1300 J/kg）和较强风垂直切变（0-6 km风矢量差为20 m/s）环境中。环境总理查逊数为18,与中纬度典型超级单体的生成环境接近,风暴相对螺旋度为2.9 s-1。偏振观测分析表明,大雹粒子的翻滚使冰雹区具有水平反射率因子高（>50 dBz）、差分反射率低（-1-0.5 dB）的特点;雨和冰相粒子的混合导致了相关系数的下降（小于0.9）;比差分相位观测对冰雹并不敏感（比差分相位与水平反射率因子的线性拟合率仅为0.05）。在混合相粒子和液相粒子的共同作用下,融化层附近存在差分反射率增大、相关系数减小的现象。风暴侧前方下沉气流偏东侧边界（水平反射率因子梯度高值区）存在一条“差分反射率弧”（差分反射率高值区）,主要由大雨滴构成,粒子分选机制合理解释了其形成原因。同时,相对较大的环境风使差分反射率弧更加远离（相对北美观测事实）风暴主体。风暴水平反射率因子中心附近存在“差分反射率柱”,与大雨滴被上升气流（连续分布的正径向风）带入高层冻结且失去取向稳定而导致差分反射率值迅速减小有关。      

Ten Years of Science Based on the Canadian Precipitation Analysis: A CaPA System Overview and Literature Review†

Near real-time quantitative precipitation estimates are required for many applications including weather forecasting, flood forecasting, crop management, forest fire prevention, hydropower production, and dam safety. Since April 2011, such a product has been available from Environment and Climate Change Canada for a domain covering all North America. This product, known as the Regional Deterministic Precipitation Analysis, is generated using the Canadian Precipitation Analysis (CaPA) system. Although it was designed for near real-time use, an archive of pre-operational and operational products going back to 2002 is now available and has been used in numerous studies. This paper presents a review of the various scientific publications that have reported either using or evaluating CaPA products. We find that the product is used with success both for scientific studies and operational applications and compares well with other precipitation datasets. We summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the system as reported in the literature. We also provide users with information on how the system works, how it has changed over time, and how the archived and near real-time analyses can be accessed and used. We finally briefly report on recent and upcoming improvements to the product based, in part, on the results of this literature review.     

Statistics-based Optimization of the Polarimetric Radar Hydrometeor Classification Algorithm and Its Application for a Squall Line in South China

A modified hydrometeor classification algorithm(HCA) is developed in this study for Chinese polarimetric radars. This algorithm is based on the U.S. operational HCA. Meanwhile, the methodology of statistics-based optimization is proposed including calibration checking, datasets selection, membership functions modification, computation thresholds modification,and effect verification. Zhuhai radar, the first operational polarimetric radar in South China, applies these procedures. The systematic bias of calibration is corrected, the reliability of radar measurements deteriorates when the signal-to-noise ratio is low, and correlation coefficient within the melting layer is usually lower than that of the U.S. WSR-88D radar. Through modification based on statistical analysis of polarimetric variables, the localized HCA especially for Zhuhai is obtained,and it performs well over a one-month test through comparison with sounding and surface observations. The algorithm is then utilized for analysis of a squall line process on 11 May 2014 and is found to provide reasonable details with respect to horizontal and vertical structures, and the HCA results—especially in the mixed rain–hail region—can reflect the life cycle of the squall line. In addition, the kinematic and microphysical processes of cloud evolution and the differences between radardetected hail and surface observations are also analyzed. The results of this study provide evidence for the improvement of this HCA developed specifically for China.     

新一代天气雷达布网设计的有效覆盖和地形遮挡分析

一般情况下,地形影响造成的雷达波束遮挡是长期保持不变的。研究雷达地形遮挡情况有助于提升雷达探测资料的有效性和可靠性。利用先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型地形数据,对我国已建成的208个新一代天气雷达站点进行地形遮挡分析,计算业务体扫模式(Volume Coverage Pattern modes, VCP)21的九个仰角下200 km范围内雷达反射率的波束阻挡系数,绘制观测仰角分别为0.5°、1. 45°、2. 4°和3. 35°时雷达有效观测区域的覆盖图,计算相应的有效覆盖面积。结果表明全国新一代天气雷达站200 km范围内0. 5°、1. 45°、2. 4°和3. 35°仰角平均遮挡比例分别为30. 7%、8. 5%、2. 5%和1.0%,平均有效覆盖面积分别为83210.5、109354.2、118170.9、121631.5 km~2,只有少数几个雷达站受邻近山脉地形遮挡影响严重,雷达站总体有效覆盖情况较好。     

孟加拉湾的叶绿素a,海表温度和风速的趋势

孟加拉湾（BoB）是一个高能量活跃的地区,其短期内的动态变化将对浮游环境产生巨大影响."风泵"能够在BoB海域导致垂直的混合从而影响海表温度和叶绿素浓度.本文对2006——2016年的月平均Aqua-MODIS叶绿素a （chl-a）浓度数据和Sea WiFS月度气候态数据进行了分析,研究了叶绿素浓度的时间/季节变化和温度以及风速的关系.基于季风期间的chl-a变异与海表温度（SST）,评估了在BoB海域它们之间的关系和变化.chl-a浓度值的趋势分析表明,该区域的垂直混合非常低,冬季最高,夏季最低.冬季最大chl-a浓度值为0.50 mg/m³,并且从2月开始下降到夏季季风期间.与冬季季风相比,夏季季风期间叶绿素表现出较低的浓度.在夏季季风期间,特别是在7月和8月,由于云层密集,卫星传感器无法准确捕获chl-a浓度值.chl-a浓度和SST之间相关系数R²值为0.218 1.     

公路交通决策气象服务需求分析

采用问卷调查的方式,对气象、交通、公安等多部门公路交通决策气象服务关注的气象要素、产品类型和时段、服务改进方向等需求进行了调研。利用专家评分法对调查内容进行评估分析,并提出提升公路交通决策气象服务能力的相关建议。结果表明:专家对现有公路交通决策气象服务工作总体满意度较高,普遍认为公路交通决策气象服务在公路运输、运行调度、应急救援等方面发挥作用明显;行业领域不同需求的气象要素有所不同,交通部门专家对公路积雪、降雪、霾等要素给出的需求权重值明显高于气象部门专家给出的;不同类型的决策服务产品关注的气象要素和时效也有所不同,其中,监测类产品对低能见度、道路积雪要素最为关注;预报类产品对雨雪和大雾要素最为关注;预警类产品对大雾最为关注;而影响评估类产品对低能见度最为关注。监测类产品主要关注逐小时时段;预报和预警类产品重点关注未来3—12 h时段;而影响评估类产品主要关注日、月、季度时段。     

乌鲁木齐机场一次寒潮多相态降水过程分析

利用常规观测资料及新疆区域自动站、乌鲁木齐风廓线雷达、多普勒雷达资料,针对2015年2月13日发生在乌鲁木齐地区的一次雨雪天气过程,从大气背景环境、风温垂直结构、冷暖平流及雨、雪相态转换成因等方面进行分析。结果表明:此次寒潮降水天气的大尺度环流背景是中亚地区高空脊向极区发展,脊顶北风引导极地冷空气南下,在西西伯利亚地区发展成大槽。大槽东移进入新疆地区后,槽后冷空气与北上的西南暖湿气流在天山山区汇合造成此次寒潮降水天气。乌鲁木齐机场出现雪转雨再转雪等相态转换,是由于先受冷平流控制,随着地面冷锋前部暖平流临近,低空暖层厚度加大,降雪粒子在降落过程中融化为雨滴,地面降水相态转为雨夹雪和雨,冷锋系统进入后,再次处于冷平流控制下,降水相态再由雨转为雪。风廓线雷达风场资料的分析结果表明,空中冷暖平流的性质和转换与降水相态变化有较好的对应关系;风廓线垂直速度显示,降雪粒子与雨滴粒子相比,垂直速度较小且雨滴粒子主要集中在1000 m以下。利用多普勒雷达产品分析地面冷锋的移动、空中冷暖平流的变化,有助于对降水相态变化的预报。     

南京及周边地区雷达气候学分析

为了研究南京及周边地区暖季（6-9月）对流风暴的活动分布规律,利用2009-2013年6-9月长时间序列的南京多普勒天气雷达数据识别对流回波并格点化,统计并分析了南京及周边地区对流风暴的气候学分布特征,结果表明:（1）在暖季,南京及周边地区对流风暴具有明显的区域分布特征,其中7与8月为对流风暴活动高峰期,对流风暴频数分布大值中心位于南京东部沿江地区;（2）不同尺度和伸展高度对流风暴的分布特征各不相同,较大较深对流的分布大值中心更加明显;（3）对流风暴的垂直结构因月份不同而有所差异,7与8月对流风暴强度最大;（4）不同尺度和伸展高度对流风暴频数存在明显的日变化特征,呈多峰分布,主峰值区位于午后,同样,各月份对流风暴频数的日变化特征也非常明显,呈单峰或者多峰分布。      

不同天气条件下脉冲激光风廓线仪测风性能

将2012年5月21日-8月16日广东省湛江市东海岛气象观测站内脉冲激光风廓线仪WINDCUBE V2与气象站内的100 m测风塔进行同步观测试验,在经过观测数据同步性调整、有效性检验和代表性样本筛选基础上,分大小风和有无降雨天气过程,对杯式测风仪、超声风速仪与激光风廓线仪的同步测风数据进行比较,结果显示:脉冲激光风廓线仪与杯式测风仪测量水平风参数的相关性较好,10 min平均风速、风向的线性拟合度均大于0.99,3 s阵风风速的拟合度大于0.96,湍流强度的拟合度大于0.67,风速标准差的拟合度大于0.79;大风情况下,激光风廓线仪对风参数的测量效果更佳。无降雨情况下,激光风廓线仪的测量效果较降雨时略好,10 min降水量小于15 mm的降雨对这款激光风廓线仪的风速、风向、湍流强度、3 s阵风风速的测量没有显著影响,对风速标准差有一定影响。当水平风速增大和有降雨时,激光风廓线仪对垂直速度的测量效果欠佳。该对比分析可为激光风廓线仪观测数据的可靠性提供参考。