雷达资料同化对一次浙江初春罕见飑线过程数值模拟的影响分析

以2018年3月4日影响浙江的初春罕见飑线过程为例,利用WRF模式与GSI-3DVar同化系统开展了雷达资料同化对重大强对流天气的影响研究,分析了雷达资料同化对此次飑线过程的模拟改进作用和可能影响过程,对比了雷达反射率因子和雷达径向速度的同化效果,探讨了不同数量和位置的雷达资料同化对模拟效果的影响。结果表明:雷达资料(尤其是反射率因子)同化有效改善了飑线边界层特征的模拟,从而改进了模式对飑线过程中组合反射率因子、降水、大风等发展演变的模拟效果。雷达反射率因子同化通过直接调整水凝物质含量,修正风暴中降水模拟及由此引起的蒸发冷却,形成更接近实况的强冷池,进而产生了比雷达径向速度同化更大的正贡献。相对于同化非关键区域的雷达资料,同化飑线过程上游关键区域的雷达观测所包含的重要中小尺度信息,对飑线过程模拟效果提升更为重要。     

Comparison of Liquid Water Content Retrievals for Airborne Millimeter-Wave Radar with Different Particle Parameter Schemes

In the application of the physical iterative method to retrieve millimeter-wave radar liquid water content(LWC) and liquid water path(LWP), particle parameter scheme is the main factor affecting retrieval performance. In this paper, synchronous measurements of an airborne millimeter-wave radar and a hot-wire probe in stratus cloud are used to compare the LWC retrievals of the oceanic and continental particle parameter scheme with diameter less than 50μm and the particle parameter scheme with diameter less than 500μm and 1500μm(scheme 1, scheme 2, scheme 3, and scheme4, respectively). The results show that the particle parameter scheme needs to be selected according to the reflectivity factor when using the physical iterative method to retrieve the LWC and LWP. When the reflectivity factor is less than-30 d BZ, the retrieval error of scheme 1 is the minimum. When the reflectivity factor is greater than-30 d BZ, the retrieval error of scheme 4 is the minimum. Based on the reflectance factor value, the LWP retrievals of scheme 4 are closer to the measurements, the average relative bias is 5.2%, and the minimum relative bias is 4.4 %. Compared with other schemes,scheme 4 seems to be more useful for the LWC and LWP retrieval of stratus cloud in China.     

2017年秋季河北一次飑线引发的雷暴大风过程分析

利用常规地面高空观测资料、地面自动站资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达资料等,对2017年秋季发生在河北省中部的一次由飑线引发的雷暴大风天气进行分析。结果表明：本次雷暴大风过程发生在高空冷涡底部,槽后冷空气与低层暖平流叠加配合地面冷锋的有利天气背景下,由飑线回波直接造成。环境条件中水汽和热力达到了中国华北地区产生强雷暴大风的平均值,大气温度直减率和垂直风切变比夏季更适宜,但能量不如夏季充足。飑线的强度、形态与夏季产生雷暴大风的雷达回波特征无异,但依据低层径向速度大值区预警秋季飑线大风需提高阈值。秋季飑线过程中地面同样伴随风场辐合、雷暴高压等中尺度系统,冷池密度流作用有利于地面大风产生。     

Preliminary Calibration of GPS Signals and Its Effects on Soil Moisture Estimation

In recent years, Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is developed to estimate soil moisture content (SMC) as a new remote sensing tool. Signal error of Global Positioning System (GPS) bistatic radar is an important factor that affects the accuracy of SMC estimation. In this paper, two methods of GPS signal calibration involving both the direct and reflected signals are introduced, and a detailed explanation of the theoretical basis for such methods is given. An improved SMC estimation model utilizing calibrated GPS L-band signals is proposed, and the estimation accuracy is validated using the airborne GPS data from the Soil Moisture Experiment in 2002 (SMEX02). We choose 21 sites with soybean and corn in the Walnut Creek region of the US for validation. The sites are divided into three categories according to their vegetation cover: bare soil, mid-vegetation cover (Mid-Veg), and high-vegetation cover (High-Veg). The accuracy of SMC estimation is 11.17% for bare soil and 8.12% for Mid-Veg sites, much better than that of the traditional model. For High-Veg sites, the effect of signal attenuation due to vegetation cover is preliminarily taken into consideration and a linear model related to Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) is adopted to obtain a factor for rectifying the "over-calibration", and the error for High-Veg sites is finally reduced to 3.81%.     

引发广西两次严重山洪地质灾害的暴雨过程分析

利用常规观测、卫星云图、雷达探测以及自动站雨量等资料,对2010年6月27—28日和2012年5月20—22日桂西北两次严重山洪地质灾害的气象条件进行了对比分析,结果表明：(1) 强降雨发生在桂西北暴雨区,最大过程雨量＞350 mm,过程最大中尺度雨团和致灾区最大中尺度雨团值分别＞100 mm·h-1和＞70 mm·h-1,集中降雨时段为02—06时。灾害开始于后半夜,发生在最大过程雨量和地质条件脆弱区,不同的地质状况对应不同的灾害;灾害性天气具有区域小、降雨时段集中、过程雨量大、强度强及引发灾害重等特征。(2) 暴雨发生在欧亚地区500 hPa呈两脊一槽型、200 hPa南亚高压脊线贯穿广西上空及季风云系活跃的背景下。高空为槽或低涡、地面为干线或锋面,属低涡暴雨型。(3) 高空要素变化为雨前降压升温、后降温。不稳定能量及层结、低层辐合、中低层涡旋、整层大气的上升运动、高温高湿及水汽强烈辐合是物理量特征。(4) 云图上对流云团生成、合并对强降雨有指示意义,暴雨发生在云团合并发展阶段;TBB值＜200 K可以作为强降雨的指标。低质心强雷达回波产生的列车效应或回波停滞和地形作用是造成强降雨的重要因素,低层辐合、高层辐散导致了强烈的上升运动,有利于强对流的发展与维持。     

“09.11.10”石家庄特大暴雪中尺度风场分析

利用常规观测、雷达资料以及四维变分方法反演的风场资料,对2009年11月10-12日石家庄特大暴雪过程的形势场和中尺度风场结构进行了详细分析.从影响系统来看,此次特大暴雪过程分为两个阶段:回流降雪和西来槽降雪.回流降雪是特大暴雪的主要时段,此阶段西部山区降雪明显大于东部平原;而西来槽降雪阶段全区降雪比较均匀.由雷达反射率因子和径向速度可见:10日降雪具有对流性质,而且回波不断地自西部山区向石家庄市区移动,产生“列车效应”,造成市区及西部降雪强度较大;11-12日回波强度弱,降雪强度也较弱.分析雷达四维变分反演风场得到如下结论:(1)反演风场能够准确展现东风影响的时间和高度、西来槽影响的始末,对预报员定性外推降雪的强度起到非常好的参考作用.(2)低层水平反演风场上,存在一个比较窄的东风带,回波沿东风带自西向东移动,石家庄市区处于北到东北风的“回流墙”附近,东移回波在此堆积,移速减慢,影响时间较长;同时,市区附近存在风向性和风速性辐合,致使回波在石家庄附近加强或维持.(3)反演风场垂直剖面图上,东风回流降雪阶段,低层东风区上空存在一个“反气旋”,强回波位于“反气旋”所包围的范围.     

双基地雷达系统探测椭球雨滴群时主站仰角对探测性能的影响

为了提高双基地偏振雷达的探测精度,从旋转椭球粒子散射和衰减的理论出发,推导出基于椭球雨滴群的双基地偏振雷达方程,并利用此方程探讨了旋转椭球雨滴群一致垂直取向情况下,主站雷达发射仰角、目标粒子群位置等因素对双基地偏振雷达探测能力的影响程度.结果表明,随着仰角的抬高,几何因子值和两种偏振状态下的回波功率比均出现了高值区和低值区面积减少的变化特征;散射截面因子值也随着仰角的抬高在水平偏振时增加,垂直偏振时减少.     

确定风廓线雷达功率谱噪声功率方法

风廓线雷达以测风为主要目的设计,没有充分考虑强度的定量测量。如果能够实现强度定量测量将大大扩展风廓线雷达的应用范围。首要的扩展应用就是可以获取雨滴谱分布、解决降水定量测量准确性问题。若实现强度定量测量,需要解决的一个关键技术问题是如何由其功率谱数据准确计算噪声功率。该文根据风廓线雷达功率谱估计方法、依据噪声频域统计特性,提出了一种计算风廓线雷达功率谱噪声功率的方法,并利用风廓线雷达实测功率谱数据进行检验。检验结果表明:即便在有降水或存在地物时,该方法仍可以准确、快速分辨出噪声功率谱, 且客观有效。     

Kinematic features of a bow echo in southern China observed with doppler radar

A bow echo is a type of mesoscale convective phenomenon that often induces extreme weather and appears with strong reflectivity on radar images. A strong bow echo that developed from a supercell was observed over Foshan City in southern China on 17 April 2011. The intense gusty winds and showers caused huge losses of property and severely affected human lives. This paper presents an analysis of this strong meso- n-scale convective system based on Doppler radar observations. The isolated bow echo exhibited a horizontal scale of about 80 km in terms of reflectivity above 40 dBZ, and a life span of 8 hours. The system originated from the merging of a couple of weakly organized cells in a shear line, and developed into an arch shape as it moved through the shear zone. Sufficient surface moisture supply ensured the convective instability and development of the bow echo. The low-altitude winds retrieved from single Doppler radar observations showed an obvious rear-inflow jet along the notch area. Different from the conventional definition, no book- end anticyclone was observed throughout the life cycle. Very strong slantwise updrafts and downdrafts were recognizable from the retrieved winds, even though the spatial scale of the bow echo was small. Strong winds and induced damage on the surface are considered to have been caused by the mid-level rear-inflow jet and intense convective downdrafts.     

Relationship between cloud characteristics and radar reflectivity based on aircraft and cloud radar co-observations

Cloud properties were investigated based on aircraft and cloud radar co-observation conducted at Yitong, Jilin, Northeast China. The aircraft provided in situ measurements of cloud droplet size distribution, while the millimeter-wavelength cloud radar vertically scanned the same cloud that the aircraft penetrated. The reflectivity factor calculated from aircraft measurements was compared in detail with simultaneous radar observations. The results showed that the two reflectivities were comparable in warm clouds, but in ice cloud there were more differences, which were probably associated with the occurrence of liquid water. The acceptable agreement between reflectivities obtained in water cloud confirmed that it is feasible to derive cloud properties by using aircraft data, and hence for cloud radar to remotely sense cloud properties. Based on the dataset collected in warm clouds, the threshold of reflectivity to diagnose drizzle and cloud particles was studied by analyses of the probability distribution function of reflectivity from cloud particles and drizzle drops. The relationship between reflectivity factor (Z) and cloud liquid water content (LWC) was also derived from data on both cloud particles and drizzle. In comparison with cloud droplets, the relationship for drizzle was blurred by many scatter points and thus was less evident. However, these scatters could be partly removed by filtering out the drop size distribution with a large ratio of reflectivity and large extinction coefficient but small effective radius. Empirical relationships of Z-LWC for both cloud particles and drizzle could then be derived.