Development of Unsteady Windblown Sand Transport

The threshold condition and mass flux of aeolian sediment transport are the essential quantities for wind erosion prediction, dust storm modeling and geomorphological evolution, as well as the sand control engineering design. As a consequence, they have long been the key issues of windblown sand physics. Early researches on aeolian sediment transport focus mainly on steady transport process. While recently, synchronous, high frequency measurements show that wind field in atmospheric boundary layer is always unsteady, showing up as intense fluctuation of wind speed, which thus results in the intense spatial-temporal variability of aeolian sand transport. It has been proven that unsteady sand/dust transport is closely related with boundary layer turbulence and affects significantly the determination of threshold condition and the prediction of aeolian transport rate. The researches of experiment, theory analysis and numerical simulation on unsteady sand/dust transport in recent two decades are reviewed. Finally, open questions and future developments are suggested.     

巧用GIS空间叠置分析计算遮蔽角

雷达在某个方向上发现目标的最小高低角叫遮蔽角[1]。快速准确计算出气象雷达各方向的最大遮蔽角能够为雷达站的点位和天线高度提供设计依据。本文以某机场为例,在不考虑植被或建筑物高度的提前下,利用等高线数据,采用GIS的空间叠置分析功能快速计算该机场气象雷达每隔2。5°方向的最大遮蔽角。相比传统的断面计算法,GIS空间叠置分析方法大大提高了工作效率,希望能够引导读者注重GIS在工作中的应用。     

基于气象数据的地基雷达大气扰动校正方法研究

大气扰动是影响地基雷达(Ground-based SAR,GBSAR)系统监测精度的主要因素,文中研究大气扰动对GBSAR相位的影响及相应的补偿方法。实验以自制的角反射器作为监测目标,利用气象数据补偿法改正角反射器相位,用观测区域的温度、气压和湿度建立大气折射模型,估算出大气折射率的变化来校正大气扰动误差。结果表明,文中方法能有效地剔除大气扰动相位,达到改善监测精度的效果。     

机载激光雷达系统定位精度分析

从机载激光雷达系统误差的产生机制出发,分别对姿态角误差、DGPS误差、瞬时扫描角误差、激光测距误差对激光脚点定位精度的影响进行定量的分析,从理论上分析了机载激光雷达系统的定位精度。本文的结果对实际应用具有重要的参考价值。     

基于包络检波和STFT谱分析的探地雷达土壤分层信息识别

土壤分层信息,特别是表土层结构,对土地生产力具有重要影响,是评价土壤质量的一个重要指标。为了快速、准确地获取土壤分层信息,本文利用探地雷达对分层土壤进行了回波信号采集,并分别在时域和频域分析土壤层位置和层厚信息。首先在信号预处理的基础上,借助包络检波方法确定在土壤分层界面在时域上的位置;然后获取电磁波速度,得到土壤分层厚度。考虑到土壤介电常数与电磁波在土壤中传播速度的相关性,采用短时傅里叶变换方法（Short-time Fourier Transform,STFT）获取各土壤层时频域特征值,并利用回归分析建立特征值与介电常数之间的数学关系,实现对各土壤层的介电常数估算,从而计算出电磁波传播速度,进而确定土壤各层厚度。为验证算法的有效性,分别对理想模拟实验环境和农田环境进行了探地雷达实验,结果表明利用包络检波对探地雷达回波信息进行分析,土壤层检出率达到94.5%,借助STFT谱分析进行探地雷达回波速度估计,对于70 cm深度以上土层厚度计算误差大都保持在10%以下,但随着土壤深度的增加,误差变大。总体来说,本方法能有效识别浅层土壤的分层信息,可应用于实际生产中耕层厚度的估测。     

Ensemble rainfall forecasting with numerical weather prediction and radar‐based nowcasting models

The overall objective of this study is to improve the forecasting accuracy of the precipitation in the Singapore region by means of both rainfall forecasting and nowcasting. Numerical Weather Predication (NWP) and radar‐based rainfall nowcasting are two important sources for quantitative precipitation forecast. In this paper, an attempt to combine rainfall prediction from a high‐resolution mesoscale weather model and a radar‐based rainfall model was performed. Two rainfall forecasting methods were selected and examined: (i) the weather research and forecasting model (WRF); and (ii) a translation model (TM). The WRF model, at a high spatial resolution, was run over the domain of interest using the Global Forecast System data as initializing fields. Some heavy rainfall events were selected from data record and used to test the forecast capability of WRF and TM. Results obtained from TM and WRF were then combined together to form an ensemble rainfall forecasting model, by assigning weights of 0.7 and 0.3 weights to TM and WRF, respectively. This paper presented results from WRF and TM, and the resulting ensemble rainfall forecasting; comparisons with station data were conducted as well. It was shown that results from WRF are very useful as advisory of anticipated heavy rainfall events, whereas those from TM, which used information of rain cells already appearing on the radar screen, were more accurate for rainfall nowcasting as expected. The ensemble rainfall forecasting compares reasonably well with the station observation data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

RADAR MEASUREMENTS OF MACRO FRAGMENTATION IN METEOROIDS

Fragmentation of an ablating meteoroid is a process that depends on the physical constitution of the body and the internal structure. These parameters are thought to control temperature gradients within the body. Phase signatures from the University of Canterbury’s AMOR facility are shown to be able to resolve instances in which meteors are subject to gross macro-fragmentation where the meteoroid body disrupts into a few discrete components.     

Arietid Meteor Orbits Measurements

The Arietid meteor shower is one of the strongest of the year. The origin of this daytime shower is unknown; the orbit is therefore of great interest, since an accurate orbit distribution is needed to integrate the shower backward in time to test associations with comets or asteroids. The orbital parameters of the Arietid shower as a function of time, with errors, have been generated using 415 radar orbits gathered at the CMOR facility in Tavistock, Canada.     

数字化天气雷达回波资料在人工影响天气工作中的处理应用

主要讨论通过数字化天气雷达终端获得的回波资料，在回波类型识别、垂直累积含水量计算，人工增雨防雹作业指标的确定及效果检验等技术产品获得中的处理技术及应用等问题。