2002年6月20～24日梅雨锋中尺度对流系统发生发展分析

利用“973”中国暴雨试验获得的加密观测资料 ,首先对 2 0 0 2年 6月 2 0～ 2 4日发生在长江中下游地区的中尺度对流系统发生发展进行了分析 ,有 7个尺度较大的α中尺度对流系统在长江中下游地区发展 ,造成了大范围的强降雨。然后针对安徽南部发生的中尺度对流系统发生发展过程进行了详细分析 :MCS生成于切变线南侧的西南暖湿气流中 ,其源地是大别山区和大别山与九华山之间的长江河谷地带 ;低层西南风的水汽输送是安徽南部对流不稳定和对流有效位能积聚的主要原因 ;在降雨发生前整层可降水量有明显增加 ,开始降雨后则逐渐减小。雷达探测的回波显示α中尺度对流系统中有 β和γ中尺度系统的活动 ,β和γ中尺度系统与整个中尺度对流系统的移动方向不一致 ;中尺度对流系统中的带状回波有地面中尺度辐合线配合 ,对流带随地面的中尺度辐合线移动 ,对流带中的对流单体沿辐合带移动。     

Patterns, rates and possible causes of saltmarsh erosion in the Greater Thames area (UK)

The estuary-dominated coast of the Greater Thames in England has experienced rapid lateral erosion and internal dissection of saltmarshes. This paper provides an overview of saltmarsh development in this area, and re-examines the role of environmental and human forcing factors. It draws on documentary evidence, including historical maps, survey data and time-series data of forcing factors. Lateral marsh retreat began in the 19th century in the Medway and Blackwater Estuaries, followed by other estuaries in the Greater Thames region at the beginning of the 20th century. The outer estuaries and the wider parts of the inner estuaries especially have experienced erosion. Erosion has been modest in wave-sheltered areas, e.g., the Colne and the inner Crouch. In the 1960s and, more widely, the 1970s, a phase of rapid erosion took place, with erosion rates of up to ca. 16 ha year⁻¹ per site, notably along the open coast of Dengie and Foulness, and in the Blackwater and Thames Estuaries. At all sites, vertical sediment accretion was well able to keep up with sea level rise over the past century. Evidence indicates that there may have been several causes for the erosion of saltmarshes. These are notably land claim and embankment construction (increasing the tidal range and current velocities) and a continuous rise of, especially, high and extreme water levels. The latest episode of rapid erosion in the 1970s is largely attributed to changes in the wind/wave climate. For example, erosion at wave-exposed sites coincided with a peak in high magnitude waves combined with a high incidence of southeasterly waves. The study shows that many factors, including natural forcing factors and human activities, have to be taken into account when explaining saltmarsh development.     

Impact Of Dominant Waves On Sea Drag

The impact of air-flow separation from breaking dominant waves is analyzed.This impact results from the correlation of the pressure drop with theforward slope of breaking waves. The pressure drop is parameterized via thesquare of the reference mean velocity. The slope of breaking waves isrelated to the statistical properties of the wave breaking fronts describedin terms of the average total length of breaking fronts. Assuming that thedominant waves are narrow and that the length of breaking fronts is relatedto the length of the contour of the breaking zone it is shown that theseparation stress supported by dominant waves is proportional to thebreaking probability of dominant waves. The breaking probability of dominantwaves, in turn, is defined by the dominant wave steepness. With thedominant wave steepness increasing, the breaking probability is increasedand so does the separation stress. This mechanism explains wave age (youngerwaves being steeper) and finite depth (the spectrum is steeper in shallowwater) dependence of the sea drag. It is shown that dominant waves support asignificant fraction of total stress (sea drag) for young seas due to theair-flow separation that occurs when they break. A good comparison of themodel results for the sea drag with several data sets is reported.     

Mechanisms Controlling Turbulence Development Across A Forest Edge

In this paper we discuss the development of turbulence back from the transition fromopen moorland to a forest. Data from a field study and a wind-tunnel experiment arepresented. These show that the variance in the streamwise velocity begins to adjust tothe new surface between 2 to 4 tree heights downwind of the transition. This is soonerthan either the vertical velocity variance or the shear stress, both of which begin to adjust in a zone 3 to 5 tree heights downwind of the edge. Key terms in the prognostic equations for streamwise and vertical velocity variance are evaluated in order to explain these differences. The flow distortion caused by the forest edge, which extends to 4 tree heights downwind of the forest edge, is shown to be crucial in the delayed turbulence development. Initially the shear production term, which is the dominant source for the streamwise velocity variance, is counteracted by a sink in the vertical advection term. After the flow levels out the pressure redistribution (return-to-isotropy) term becomes the main sink of streamwisevelocity variance and feeds energy into the vertical velocity component. Therefore, thedevelopment of the vertical velocity variance and shear stress cannot begin until afterdevelopment of an increase in the streamwise velocity variance. Results are comparedwith other experiments, including the flow across shelterbelts, and large-eddy simulations of forest flow.     

Dispersion Moments of Fumigating Plumes – Lidar Estimates and Pdf Model Simulations

Near-instantaneous vertical scans ofpower plant plumes, sampled by a lidar over three days as part ofthe 1995 Kwinana Coastal Fumigation Study, are analysed to obtainhourly-averaged total dispersion moments up to fourth order, andalso the relative and meander spreads. Two distinct fumigationcases, termed as neutral and stable cases, are observed dependingon whether the plume transport prior to fumigation takes place ina neutral atmosphere, or in a stable region above the neutralatmosphere. Plumes in the stable case are observed to undergoslower fumigation. The mean spreads display contrasting behavioursfor the two fumigating cases, while the vertical skewness shows anegative peak value of about -1 for the neutral case and -2for the stable case in the fumigation zone. The lateral skewnessis positive with a peak value of about unity for both cases, andis attributed to wind directional shear within the thermalinternal boundary layer. The vertical kurtosis is greater than theGaussian value of 3 in the fumigation zone, while the lateralkurtosis is scattered about this value. A recently-developedskewed probability density function model with wind shear isapplied to describe the fumigation data. Overall, the modelsimulates the observed vertical and lateral statistics well up tothe fourth order, except for the lateral skewness and kurtosisvalues in the stable case, which is probably due to the lidar'srange and sensitivity constraints and an inadequate sample size.Although the lateral turbulent diffusion in the model is Gaussian(i.e., zero skewness), the inclusion of wind shear in the model ismanifested in the predicted lateral skewness being greater thanzero in the fumigation zone, and of similar magnitude to the lidardata in the neutral case.     

民航上海多普勒雷达风场反演UW方法的试验

介绍一种实用的单多普勒雷达风场反演方法－UW技术，并以民航上海气象中心多普勒雷达资料的试验结果作简单验证。     

On the Role of Wind Direction in ERS SAR Signatures of Internal Waves on the Iberian Shelf

The relationship between internal wave (IW) signatures in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images and wind velocity is investigated. The effect of the wind velocity relative to the IW propagation direction on the IW signature is studied by means of a defined signature mode parameter ( S m ). S m is the parameter that quantifies the signature of the IW intensity profile in relation to the mean backscatter of the image background.

A wind contrast model based on a simple first-order Bragg scattering theory is combined with hydrodynamic modulation theory to explain the modulation of IW signatures. It takes into account the modulation of short-scale surface waves by the effect of the relative variations of wind velocity and the surface currents generated by the IWs.

It is shown that the signature mode parameter increases with the angle between the wind velocity and the IW propagation direction so that IWs propagating against the wind direction are imaged mostly as positive sign signatures, while those propagating in the wind direction are mostly negative sign signatures.     

The upper ocean circulation at Great Meteor Seamount

 The circulation patterns at Meteor Seamount are investigated for implications for the marine ecosystem, using a numerical ocean circulation model. The importance of tidal amplification and rectification as well as internal tide generation has been documented in Part I of this study. Passive tracers confirm the idea that there is an area above the seamount which is largely isolated from the surroundings. Lagrangian particle trajectories are used to test and quantify the potential for retention. We find that passively advected organisms are more likely to remain in the near-surface layers above Meteor Seamount than actively migrating organisms, which might escape from the area. Finally, the importance of strong wind events on the distribution of particles is illustrated. Received: 10 January 2002 / Accepted: 2 September 2002 Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge helpful discussions with Catriona Clemmesen, Rabea Diekmann, Frank Hartmann, Inga Hense, Manfred Kaufmann and Bettina Martin. This work was funded by the DFG under contracts Me 487/38-2 and Be 1851/1-1 as part of the Great Meteor Seamount project. Responsible Editor: Jean-Marie Beckers     

Characteristics of wind-blown sand on Gobi/mobile sand surface

The characteristics of wind-blown sand on Gobi/mobile sand surface have been investigated through field observation and wind tunnel experiments. On moving sand surface, the pattern of wind speed profile in sand flow follows the power function and its power exponent is about 0.20. While on Gobi surface, due to collision of sand grains with gravels, the structure of sand flow differs from that on moving sand surface, which decreases exponentially with height. The height of blown sand activities on Gobi surface is mainly concentrated below 20 cm. In addition, the structure of sand flow can reach a peak at a certain height and increases with inlet wind velocity.     

Application of a littoral Baltic Sea resuspension model in a eutrophic lake-factors behind differences in the model performance

The performance of a linear resuspension model developed in the Baltic Sea was studied in the conditions of a eutrophic Lake Kirkkoj(a|¨)rvi(southern Finland).The model predicts sediment resuspension rate using data on vegetation cover,wind and sediment quality as an input.When the original model coefficients were used,the model resulted on average 1.8 fold overestimation of the resuspension rate in Kirkkoj(a|¨)rvi.This was due to lower fetch and water depth,and less consolidated sediment of Kirkkoj(a|¨)rvi compared with the Baltic Sea study site.When coefficients were adjusted for Kirkkoj(a|¨)rvi,the model predictions were 1.1 times the measured values.Due to the continuous resuspension,the effect of the wind term in the model was so low that it could be excluded without affecting the accuracy of model predictions.The study demonstrated that in a shallow eutrophic lake accurate predictions on resuspension rate can be made using only data on sediment quality and on factors inhibiting resuspension(macrophytes).The model residuals increased with increasing resuspension rate and high rates of resuspension were underestimated by the model.Due to the fluffy sediment in Kirkkoj(a|¨)rvi,erosion of sediment increases more than linear with increasing shear stress.Thus in such conditions,even better predictions could be achieved by a non-linear resuspension model.