风廓线雷达在一次短时暴雨过程中的应用

利用2014年8月24日天津地区一次短时暴雨天气的3部风廓线雷达资料和降水实况资料,对比分析降水发生、维持和消亡期间风廓线雷达资料的变化特征,以探讨风廓线雷达对降水天气的监测能力。结果表明:1)风廓线雷达不仅能够反映大气层结上冷下暖的结构,并且能够探测到切变线的存在,对风的垂直结构有较强的探测能力。2)当降水出现时,垂直速度和大气折射率结构常数明显增大。4 m·s~(-1)的垂直速度出现和消失时刻,对应降水的开始和结束时刻;降水期间,4000 m高度以下的垂直速度越大降水越强。西青、静海站的折射率结构常数与降水强度之间有很好的对应关系,但不同地区的大气折射率结构常数值对降水强度的指示标准并不一致。3)在降水最强阶段,风廓线雷达数据获取率明显下降,因此低的数据获取率对强降水有一定的指示意义。     

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LOW-LEVEL JET STREAMS IN NANJING AREA BASED ON WIND PROFILER DATA

In order to understand the activity characteristics of low-level jets in the Nanjing area, statistical analysis and comparative study are carried out on their monthly and diurnal variations, characteristics of their cores and accompanying weather conditions using wind profile data in 2005—2008 collected by two wind profilers. The results show that low-level jets have significant monthly and diurnal variations. They occur more frequently in spring and summer than in autumn and winter and are more active in early morning and at night, with the maximum wind speed usually occurring at midnight. The central part of the low-level jet occurs mainly at the height of less than 1400 meters, and the enhancement of central speed is beneficial to the appearance of precipitation. Meanwhile, when the low-level jet appears in summer, it helps cause heavy rain. The statistical results of the boundary wind profiler are well consistent with those of the tropospheric wind profiler. Two kinds of wind profilers also have the capability of continuously detecting the development of low-level jets.     

海岸沙丘沙运动特征若干问题的研究——以闽江口南岸为例

在海岸带,沙粒粒径和水分含量是决定沙粒起动风速的最主要因素。闽江口南岸海滩沙的平均粒径为2.0Φ,水分含量多在0.3%~1.0%之间。运用Johnson的经验公式,可计算出海滩沙的起动风速为6~7m/s。这一结果与实际观测值十分吻合。由于海岸环境因素的影响,使得同等条件下海岸带沙粒的起动风速明显大于内陆沙漠沙,而风沙流的输沙率明显小于内陆沙漠沙。海岸带是风速剧变带,在引用陆地气象台站的风速记录分析海岸风况和研究风沙运动规律时,必须对风速进行订正。     

中国南海东部海域气候特征及风浪流极值参数的研究——LAGFD数值模式群的应用

本文采用先进的ＬＡＧＦＤ风、浪数值模式和ＰＯＭ（ＰｒｉｎｃｅｔｏｎＯｃｅａｎＭｏｄｅｌ）三维海流模式对自１９４５～１９９５年间发生并影响南海东部海域的２９９个历史最强热带气旋过程进行数值后报,给出了南海东部部分海域（１９°～２３°Ｎ,１１３°～１１８°Ｅ）中１０００ｍ等深线内６０个点的多年一遇风、浪、流和水位极值,并简要分析了南海东部（１５°～２７°Ｎ,１０８°～１２２°Ｅ）的气候特征,为该海域区域性海洋环境研究与工程开发提供了基础参考数据。     

2008年10月的一次寒潮天气过程分析

文章选择常规天气以及物理量资料,利用天气学原理分析了2008年10月21—23日发生在包头地区的寒潮天气过程,从中寻求一些有物理意义的预报指标,为今后的预报提供可靠的预报依据。     

近30年我国高空风速变化趋势分析

1980-2006年间采用全国119个探空站14个等压面的月平均风速资料,分析了我国高空对流层和平流层下层风速变化的时间和空间特征,并和同期地面风速变化进行了对比.结果表明,我国近27年对流层中下层和对流层上层风速呈下降趋势,年平均风速线性变化速率分别为-0.10 m·s-1·(10a)-1和-0.17 m·s-1·(10a)-1,均未通过0.05显著性水平检验;平流层下层全国年平均风速呈上升趋势,上升速率为0.24 m·s-1·(10a)-1,亦未通过O.05显著性水平检验.同期全国地面风速则呈现更显著的降低趋势,年平均风速线性变化速率为-0.16 m·s-1·(10a)-1,通过了0.05显著性水平检验.我国地面气象站记录的平均风速减弱可能受到大尺度大气环流变化的影响,更可能与台站附近观测环境变化和城市化等人为因素影响有密切关系.     

Storm-induced turbidity currents on a sediment-starved shelf: Insight from direct monitoring and repeat seabed mapping of upslope migrating bedforms

The monitoring of turbidity currents enables accurate internal structure and timing of these flows to be understood. Without monitoring, triggers of turbidity currents often remain hypothetical and are inferred from sedimentary structures of deposits and their age. In this study, the bottom currents within 20 m of the seabed in one of the Pointe-des-Monts (Gulf of St. Lawrence, eastern Canada) submarine canyons were monitored for two consecutive years using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers. In addition, multibeam bathymetric surveys were carried out during deployment of the Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers and recovery operations. These new surveys, along with previous multibeam surveys carried out over the last decade, revealed that crescentic bedforms have migrated upslope by about 20 to 40 m since 2007, despite the limited supply of sediment on the shelf or river inflow in the region. During the winter of 2017, two turbidity currents with velocities reaching 0·5 m sec⁻¹ and 2·0 m sec⁻¹, respectively, were recorded and were responsible for the rapid (<1 min) upstream migration of crescentic bedforms measured between the autumn surveys of 2016 and 2017. The 200 kg (in water) mooring was also displaced 10 m down-canyon, up the stoss side of a bedform, suggesting that a dense basal layer could be driving the flow during the first minute of the event. Two other weaker turbidity currents with speeds <0·5 m sec⁻¹ occurred, but did not lead to any significant change on the seabed. These four turbidity currents coincided with strong and sustained wind speed >60 km h⁻¹ and higher than normal wave heights. Repeat seabed mapping suggests that the turbidity currents cannot be attributed to a canyon-wall slope failure. Rather, sustained windstorms triggered turbidity currents either by remobilizing limited volumes of sediment on the shelf or by resuspending sediment in the canyon head. Turbidity currents can thus be triggered when the sediment volume available is limited, likely by eroding and incorporating canyon thalweg sediment in the flow, thereby igniting the flow. This process appears to be particularly important for the generation of turbidity currents capable of eroding the lee side of upslope migrating bedforms in sediment-starved environments and might have wider implications for the activity of submarine canyons worldwide. In addition, this study suggests that a large external trigger (in this case storms) is required to initiate turbidity currents in sediment-starved environments, which contrasts with supply-dominated environments where turbidity currents are sometimes recorded without a clear triggering mechanism.     

Relative quantification of wind erosion in argan woodlands in the Souss Basin,Morocco

The endemic argan woodlands cover large parts of South Morocco and create a characteristic landscape with areas of sparsely vegetated and bare soil surfaces between single trees. This unique ecosystem has been under extensive agrosilvopastoral management for centuries and is now at risk of degradation caused by overgrazing and increasing scarcity and variability of rainfall. To investigate susceptibility to wind erosion, we conducted an experimental–empirical study including wind tunnel tests and a drone-generated digital elevation model and quantified wind-erodible material on five different associated surface types by means of sediment catchers. The highest emission flux was measured on freshly ploughed surfaces (1875 g m^–2 h^–1), while older ploughed areas with a re-established crust produced a much lower emission flux (795 g m^–2 h^–1). Extensive tillage may have been a sustainable practice for generations, but increasing drought and uncertainty of rainfall now lead to an acute risk of severe soil erosion and dust production. The typical crusted surfaces characterized by residual rock fragment accumulation and wash processes produced the second highest emission flux (1,354 g m^–2 h^–1). Material collected from tree-shaded areas (933 g m^–2 h^–1) was revealed to be a considerable source of organic material, possibly affecting substrate conditions positively on a larger regional scale. The lowest flux was measured on rock fragment-covered surfaces (301 g m^–2 h^–1). The data show that open argan woodland may be a considerable source for wind erosion and dust production, depending on surface characteristics strongly related to management. An adapted management must include the conservation of argan trees to offer a promising approach to prevent severe wind erosion and dust production and mitigate possible impacts of land-use change and climate change related shifts in wind and rainfall patterns. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

2003年6月30日梅雨锋大暴雨β和γ中尺度结构的双多普勒雷达反演

2003年6月下旬至7月上旬,淮河流域出现了持续强暴雨,文中使用双多普勒雷达三维风场反演技术(MUSCAT)对6月29～30日合肥和马鞍山多普勒雷达探测到的暴雨资料进行了三维风场反演,对暴雨系统的中尺度三维动力结构进行了研究。此次梅雨锋暴雨是由β中尺度辐合带和嵌在辐合带上的γ中尺度涡旋共同作用引起的,辐合带上的波动活动对降水具有重要的触发和维持作用。在强降水时段的前期,无为附近中低层的γ中尺度涡旋在东—西走向的中尺度辐合带上自西向东移动,γ涡旋的移动与主雨区的移动基本同步,γ中尺度波动是该时段暴雨的重要动力因素;与此同时,在雨带的北区,γ中尺度涡旋活动比较频繁,但基本上是局地生消;在后期,西南暖湿气流和西风辐合,形成雨带上空的β中尺度辐合带,辐合带随着降水的减弱而减弱;最后,给出了此次暴雨的三维动力结构。     

包头地区风能资源分布特征分析

利用1979—2008年包头地区各气象站近30年地面观测的风资料,对各地区平均风速、最大风速和风能资源进行了统计计算,给出了包头各地的平均风速、最大风速和风能资源的分布特征,为包头地区合理开发和利用风能资源提供依据。