江苏盐城海岸湿地景观生态系统研究

江苏盐城海岸湿地以其景观典犁性成为科学研究的理想区域。根据野外观测与文献资料分析及现场验证相结合的研究方法,基于区域景观格局演变规律进行景观生态分类,进而分析景观生态系统的动力因素、结构、格局、生物多样性特征等。结果表明：盐城海岸湿地景观生态系统生态多样性丰富,景观结构和格局的形成和演化是当地特定的非生物环境（气候、海洋水文和土壤等）、生物作用和人类活动等因素综合作用的结果：景观格局的显著特征是动态变迁的带状景观空间异质性,高、低对比度兼存的景观结构。     

从第七届国际湿地会议看全球湿地研究热点及进展

通过介绍在荷兰乌得勒支市召开的第七届国际湿地会议的主要报告内容和信息 ,结合国外有关湿地研究的热点和进展 ,以及我国近年来有关的湿地研究工作 ,分析了湿地科学这一学科的基本理论和未来的发展动向和趋势 ,即立足于湿地的基本特征 ,及综合水文学、土壤学、生物地球化学、生态学、地理学等多学科的基础理论和应用技术 ,为湿地生态系统的可持续发展和合理利用提供正确的方向和决策。     

江苏凤凰岛湿地公园主题旅游项目策划浅析

湿地保护和旅游需要共存共发展。凤凰岛湿地公园旅游项目策划充分考虑湿地的自然资源、人文历史优势、农业产业现状以及独特的区位优势,将湿地公园旅游策划为三大主题群,并将保护、恢复、宣传、教育等贯穿到旅游行为当中,使得湿地旅游质朴化,实现旅游与保护融合发展。     

环青海湖湿地调查与遥感分类

环青海湖湿地面积较大、类型丰富,是青海湖野生动物的重要栖息生境。利用遥感技术进行影像分类,并结合实地调查,建立环青海湖湿地资源分类系统,对该区域湿地资源的现状与分布特征进行研究。该区现有湿地4588.8352km2,以湖体为主。湿地类型有沼泽湿地、湖泊湿地和河流湿地,都为天然湿地,有河口湿地、湖滨湿地、盐碱化沼泽、季节性漫滩、沼泽、淡水湖泊、湖体(咸水湖泊)、河流8个亚类。结合环青海湖湿地的地貌特征、水文特征、植被类型以及生物状况,对青海湖典型湿地的成因和分布特点进行了详细描述,为青海湖湿地研究和保护提供依据。     

Wetland conservation: Change and fragmentation in Trinidad’s protected areas

Conservation efforts often neglect the importance of monitoring of protected areas, which is key to adaptively managing dynamic landscapes. In many developing countries, like Trinidad, protected areas are set aside as a result of an agreement with an international conservation organization, often resulting in inadequate planning and monitoring of the protected area. Monitoring of protected areas allows for an examination of the conservation scheme implemented and enables improved conservation decisions to be made. The research presented provides an example of the use of technology in monitoring conservation strategies in two protected wetlands, Caroni and Nariva, in Trinidad. Remote sensing and fragmentation analyses are used to quantify land cover change within these two protected wetlands. Results show that the classification of Caroni immediately identifies a shift towards anthropogenic land cover types, suggesting an increase in human activity within the park. This finding is further supported by the continuous measures used, such as decreases in mean NDVI and greenness values suggesting a decrease in the amount or health of the vegetation. While the classification of Nariva suggests a return to natural land covers, the continuous measures of land cover change indicate the opposite. Land cover change analyses are limited in Trinidad and in the Caribbean in general, partly due to satellite data availability, thus this research presents remote sensing and landscape fragmentation analyses as new tools for monitoring land cover change and conservation effectiveness in Trinidad.     

Late Holocene vegetation in the Azraq Wetland Reserve, Jordan

Shifts in aquatic and terrestrial vegetation associations and hydrology during the past > 3100 yr are indicated by the pollen and sediment sequences in a core retrieved from the Azraq wetland, Jordan. The pollen sequence provides evidence for a relatively stable wetland during the period of study until ca. AD 1400 when the wetland apparently declined as desert shrubland expanded. Springs continually supplied fresh water that maintained the shallow pools and marsh. In periods of increased winter precipitation, runoff from the surrounding wadis may have inundated the wetland and deposited silts and clays. During dryer episodes the influx of winter storm water would have been much less but the springs would have still provided water to the wetland and deposited peat. This is shown by the sequences of clay, silty and sandy clay loam, and peat in the core.     

Global distribution of natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies,their net primary productivity,seasonality and possible methane emissions

A global data set on the geographic distribution and seasonality of freshwater wetlands and rice paddies has been compiled, comprising information at a spatial resolution of 2.5° by latitude and 5° by longitude. Global coverage of these wetlands total 5.7×10⁶ km² and 1.3×10⁶ km², respectively. Natural wetlands have been grouped into six categories following common terminology, i.e. bog, fen, swamp, marsh, floodplain, and shallow lake. Net primary productivity (NPP) of natural wetlands is estimated to be in the range of 4–9×10¹⁵ g dry matter per year. Rice paddies have an NPP of about 1.4×10¹⁵ g y^–1. Extrapolation of measured CH₄ emissions in individual ecosystems lead to global methane emission estimates of 40–160 Teragram (1 Tg=10¹² g) from natural wetlands and 60–140 Tg from rice paddies per year. The mean emission of 170–200 Tg may come in about equal proportions from natural wetlands and paddies. Major source regions are located in the subtropics between 20 and 30° N, the tropics between 0 and 10° S, and the temperate-boreal region between 50 and 70° N. Emissions are highly seasonal, maximizing during summer in both hemispheres. The wide range of possible CH₄ emissions shows the large uncertainties associated with the extrapolation of measured flux rates to global scale. More investigations into ecophysiological principals of methane emissions is warranted to arrive at better source estimates.     

Distribution of wetlands and salt lakes in the Yadong region of Tibet based on remote sensing,and their geo-climatic environmental changes

Based on the 16 scenes GF-1 satellite multi-spectral remote sensing images, through the adoption of data processing methods including orthorectification, geometric rectification, data fusion and image mosaic, integrated with field surveys, the remote sensing interpretation signs for the inland wetland types have been built, and the remote sensing survey of inland wetlands in Yadong region has been initiated, with six types of inland wetlands recognized in Yadong region, namely permanent rivers, seasonal rivers, lakes, salt lakes, alpine meadows, and inundated land. The spatial distribution characteristics and the spreading rules of these wetlands have also been revealed. Based on full understanding of the overall characteristics of the inland wetlands in the Yadong region, using the three phases of TM images acquired in 1989, 2003 and 2008 as well as the PMS2 data gathered by GF-1 in 2014, and the wide-range data (WFV3) gathered by GF-1 in 2020. As to the typical salt lakes, a long- time salt lakes transition study was carried out. The results show that the typical salt lakes in Yadong have been shrinking in the past three decades. The average annual shrinkage of Duoqing Co (Co means lake in Tibetan) was stronger than that of Gala Co, which are respective 87.30 hectares (usually short as ha; 1 ha equals to 0.01 km²) /a and 24.20 ha/a; the shrinkage degree of Gala Co was higher than that of Duoqing Co, shrank by 59.27% and 35.73% respectively. Based on the remote sensing survey results and an integrated analysis of the predecessors’ researchers, the reason for the shrinkage of the salt lakes is more inclined to geological factors. Geological process is manifested by a series of extensional faults at the bottom of the lake basin generated from tectonic activities, providing fluid infiltration channels, and inducing the eventual leakage of lake water to the lower strata. The result provides an important instance for understanding the evolution characteristics of wetlands and salt lakes in specific environment of the Tibetan Plateau.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

基于无人机和卫星遥感影像的升金湖草滩植被地上生物量反演

湿地植被地上生物量是衡量湿地生态系统健康状况的重要指标,对于珍稀水禽越冬繁殖、全球碳循环、生态净化具有重要意义,是生态学与遥感解译的研究热点之一.针对于地上生物量的测算,卫星遥感数据覆盖范围广但其空间分辨率较低,无人机遥感数据空间分辨率高但采集范围小,同时受湿地面积、观测系统及外界环境等条件的影响,使得遥感影像地上生物量反演更加复杂和困难.本研究基于无人机和高分一号数据对升金湖草滩植被地上生物量反演进行研究,结合升金湖保护区4个样区无人机可见光影像与相应样区实测样本数据,建立地上生物量与可见光波段、多种可见光植被指数的线性、幂函数、多项式、对数回归模型,并通过可决系数（R²）、平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）对模型进行精度评价,选择最优模型对无人机影像进行地上生物量反演;通过可见光波段反演得到的生物量,与高分一号WFV归一化差分植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）影像相结合进行回归建模,获取整个升金湖草滩植被地上生物量分布.结果表明,利用无人机红光波段建立的多项式方程对地上生物量反演有着最高模拟精度,R²=0.86、预测精度MAE=111.33 g/m²、RMSE=145.42 g/m²,且红光波段生物量反演方法得到的结果与实际生物量分布一致性较高,高分一号WFV NDVI与无人机反演生物量构建的多项式模型为最优模型,R²为0.91.本研究利用无人机和高分一号数据进行生物量反演研究,整合多源遥感数据优点,以获取更加丰富和准确的信息,进而提高地上生物量反演精度,为湿地监测和湿地恢复管理提供数据和技术支撑,具有重要研究意义和应用价值.     

湿地水空间效应

地球水资源短缺问题日益严重,直接影响自然与经济社会可持续发展.陆地健康水循环和水资源的再生是基于合理的水调节空间.湿地是不可替代的水调节空间,因湿地特殊的水理性质和特有的生物地球化学作用,使湿地具有显著的调蓄地表径流和水体净化功能.人类活动大量破坏湿地,使湿地水空间效应明显下降,极大地削弱了湿地水调节功能.就流域生态、生产、生活用水的协调与保证而言,其合理的湿地配置是解决这一问题的重要基础之一.