东北典型丘陵漫岗区沟谷侵蚀动态及空间分析

以黑龙江省克山县为例,分析1954年和2000年侵蚀沟密度变化,探讨研究区土壤侵蚀的时空动态变化,并以侵蚀沟密度变化值为依据进行不同分区侵蚀因素的耦合分析。结果表明:过去46年间,克山县东南部侵蚀沟密度趋于减少,西北部侵蚀沟密度增大。1954～2000年侵蚀沟密度变化值在侵蚀减弱区与高程和坡度呈负相关,在侵蚀增强区呈正相关。随着坡长增加,侵蚀沟密度变化量呈增加趋势。侵蚀沟变化与坡长相关性最大,R²达0.9743,其次为高程,R²为0.6893,与坡度的相关性最小,R²为0.3437。结果表明,高程和坡度不是东北丘陵漫岗地区土壤流失的主要影响因子,坡长是该区侵蚀的一个重要影响因子。土地利用结构变化与土壤侵蚀强度变化密切相关,耕地面积大幅度增加与草地面积明显减少加速侵蚀沟发育。     

南极海洋动物粪土源N2O稳定同位素实验研究

N₂O是一种重要的温室气体,土壤是全球N₂O的重要排放源。通过测定土壤源N₂O中N、O同位素值,可以有效识别N₂O的来源途径。本文采集了南极法尔兹半岛两个地点的海豹粪土（HS和GS）、阿德雷岛两个地点的企鹅粪土(AB和AF)以及东南极的帝企鹅粪土(DQ和DQT),在室内对所采集的样品分别在有氧和厌氧条件下进行冻融培养实验。结果表明：土壤在厌氧条件下比有氧条件下排放了更多的N₂O。土壤排放的N₂O与当地大气N₂O相比普遍贫15N和18O。除DQT和HS外, δ15N和δ18O在有氧和厌氧培养下均呈现很好的正相关性。N₂O排放量下降的同时伴随着培养瓶内剩余N₂O中δ15N和δ18O 值的增加,证实N₂O还原为N2的过程会引起重同位素富集。高的水分含量有利于土壤反硝化作用的进行,使释放的N₂O气体富集重同位素;pH值也会影响N₂O的同位素组成,低pH会引起δ15N值增加。     

中国“四纵四横”高铁网络可达性综合评估与对比

传统测算可达性的方法较为单一,缺乏多层面、多角度的综合研究和对比分析。基于时间、经济与重心视角利用可达性模型并结合ArcGIS 空间分析手段探究高铁通车前后沿线城市可达性的动态变化;利用综合变异系数、层级分析法和改进的哈夫模型分析高铁可达性空间演变特征及规律,构建高铁可达性评价体系并结合熵权法定量评估各高铁可达综合实力。研究表明：京广、京沪可达综合实力最强,沪昆、杭福深次之,沪汉蓉、哈大、青太再次之,郑西、兰新可达实力最弱;全国高铁可达性强弱变化呈明显地带性规律,东、中部高铁可达性强于东北,东北强于西部,纵向高铁强于横向;经济潜力的增加率明显高于加权平均旅行时间的减少率,可达性重心偏移驱使不同等时圈蔓延交叠;高铁以“核心—核心”逐步向“核心—网络”空间链接模式过渡,产生上海、北京、广州、深圳4 个高铁“国家服务中心”,天津、武汉、重庆等6 个“大区域服务中心”,形成“多中心”高铁服务格局以及日益庞大而复杂的高铁特质空间集群;高铁网络影响下的中国区域空间格局的渐变与重塑日趋复杂,“T”型轴带呈现出由空间极化向空间均衡转变,跨城流动性特征突显,加速空间对接与同城化进程。     

巴基斯坦城镇体系特征及其影响因素

基于人口普查数据、自然环境、经济产业及交通路网等公开数据,运用城镇体系金字塔、城镇规模基尼系数以及核密度分析等方法,对巴基斯坦城镇体系特征及其影响因素进行分析,发现:1)规模结构方面,城镇规模分布较集中,表现为"大城市化"与"小城市化"并重的特征,中间级别城市发展滞后,城镇人口金字塔大致呈现沙漏形态;空间结构方面,整体...     

FluBiDi – a model to estimate flood based on runoff: validation using extreme and natural basin conditions

FluBiDi is a two-dimensional model created to simulate real events that can take days and months, as well as short events (minutes or hours) and inclusive laboratory tests. To verify the robustness of FluBiDi, it was tested using a previous study with both designed and real digital elevation models. The results highlight good agreement between the models (i.e. Mike Flood, SOBEK, ISIS 2D, and others) tested and FluBiDi (around 90% for a specific instant and 95% for the complete time simulation). In the simulated hydrographs, the discharge peak value, time to peak, and water level results were accurate, reproducing them with an error of less than 5%. The velocity differences observed in a couple of tests in FluBiDi were associated with very short periods of time (seconds). However, FluBiDi is highly accurate for simulating floods under real topographical conditions with differences of around 2 cm when water depth is around 150 cm. The average water depth and velocities are precise, and the model describes with high accuracy the pattern and extent of floods. FluBiDi has the capability to be adjusted to different types of events and only requires limited input data.     

Developing a comprehensive evaluation method for Interconnected River System Network assessment: A case study in Tangxun Lake group

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The Interconnected River System Network (IRSN) plays a crucial role in water resource allocation, water ecological restoration and water quality improvement. It...     

Studies of accretion flows around rotating black holes – II. Standing shocks in the pseudo-Kerr geometry

Standing, propagating or oscillating shock waves are common in accretion and winds around compact objects. We study the topology of all possible solutions using the pseudo-Kerr geometry. We present the parameter space spanned by the specific energy and angular momentum and compare it with that obtained from the full general relativity to show that the potential can work satisfactorily in fluid dynamics also, provided the polytropic index is suitably modified. We then divide the parameter space depending on the nature of the solution topology. We specifically study the nature of the standing Rankine–Hugoniot shocks. We also show that as the Kerr parameter is increased, the shock location generally moves closer to the black hole. In future, these solutions can be used as guidelines to test numerical simulations around compact objects.     

灰色关联评价在矿区地下水水质分析中的应用

利用灰色系统理论的灰色关联分析方法,根据灰色关联矩阵提供的丰富信息对地下水水质进行综合评价。通过比较分析,灰色评价方法计算过程简单方便,又充分利用获得的信息,且结果直观可靠,是多因子综合评价较好的方法。     

农村居民点动态演变及驱动机制研究——以江苏省宜兴市为例

选取宜兴市为研究区,在GIS和RS技术的支撑下,对农村居民点用地的规模变化和空间分布进行分析,对引起农村居民点用地变化的驱动因素进行研究。结果表明:1农村居民点用地整体呈下降趋势,变化速度逐年减慢,主要新增来源是农用地,主要转移去向是城镇建设用地;2在地形平坦、距离水源和农用地较近的地区,农村居民点分布密集;3经济发展、人口减少、交通改善和城市化水平提高是影响农村居民点变化的主要驱动因素。