浅海浮力平流效应

浮力平流直接影响着海洋内部的湍流混合过程，制约着海洋热盐结构的形成和变化。这一过程在浅海，尤其在象渤黄海那样具有较强浮力平流的中国大陆沿岸带海区，是十分重要的。本文主要讨论浅海浮力平流对温跃层和海洋锋的影响，从理论上导出在浮力平流效应作用下期混合锋的公式，并以南黄海为例进行了计算，计算结果是令人满意的。     

松嫩平原一次夏季暴雨机理分析

利用气象观测资料和美国NCEP分析资料,研究2006年夏季一次松嫩平原暴雨的特点与成因。结果表明：强雨区始终位于高空西北风急流出口区左侧与西南风急流后方;500 hPa西风槽配合850 hPa低涡东移,蒙古锋面气旋强烈发展,地面倒槽接近东北平原;低空急流出现在最强降雨之后。暴雨之前齐齐哈尔单站K指数、可降水量以及湿理查逊数负值达到最大值;暴雨之后A指数、中高层平均比湿与相对湿度达到最大值;暴雨水汽源地位于超强台风桑美外围东海到日本以南洋面上;强降雨以前低层水汽平流辐合较强,强降雨时水汽辐合高层以平流辐合为主、低层则以风场辐合为主。     

广汉机场一次非典型辐射平流雾的天气诊断分析

为探索广汉机场雾发生发展的机制,确保飞行安全,提高预报准确率,利用广汉机场地面观测资料、Mi—caps系统下的常规观测资料、探空资料和NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,采用天气诊断分析方法,对2012年11月13日-15日广汉机场持续性的辐射平流雾进行分析。结果表明,雾是在稳定的天气背景下形成。夜间地面长波辐射冷却触发了这次雾的形成,而在轻雾转大雾期间,地面长波辐射冷却作用明显减弱,低层暖湿平流则起到了主要作用。与典型辐射平流雾不同的是成雾后,机场由脊前西北气流转为南支槽前西南气流控制,天空中云量的迅速增加使得雾进一步加强。     

城乡过渡地带低空温度平流和边界层特征的观测分析

利用兰州河谷盆地城乡过渡区边界层观测资料,分析了该地区的温度平流和边界层特征。分析表明:(1)夜间热岛环流明显,白天则较弱;(2)夜间200m高度以下有较强的冷平流,在250～400m高度有较弱的暖平流,冷暖温度平流对测点上空边界层温度和层结变化有显著影响;(3)由声雷达确定的夜间边界层高度对应于Ri<1.0的高度,在这一高度范围内存在逆位温和强的风切变。本地区下垫面和复杂的地形导致夜间边界层高度随时间周期性地升高和降低,变化周期约3h。     

Probable effects of heat advection on the adjacent environment during oil production at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska

The latest available data for mean annual air temperature at sites away from the Arctic coast in both Alaska and the Yukon Territory show no significant warming in the last 30~50 years. However, around the Arctic coast of northwest North America centered on Prudhoe Bay, the weather stations show significant warming of both the air and the ocean water, resulting in substantial losses in sea ice west of Prudhoe Bay. These changes appeared shortly after the commencement of shipment of oil through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline in 1977, but have now reached a quasi-stable thermal state. Since more than 17 trillion barrels of oil have passed through the pipeline after being cooled by the adjacent air, which in turn, can then result in the melting of the adjacent sea ice, there appears to be a very strong relationship between these events, and a marked lack of correlation with the changes of the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This contrasts with the IPCC interpretation of the available climatic data, which assumes that the maximum climatic warming at Prudhoe Bay is typical of the entire region and is the result of increasing greenhouse gases. Engineers need to consider heat advection by oil or gas from underground when designing pipeline facilities, and to take account of the potential environmental consequences that they may cause.     

Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development and the complete vorticity equation with mass forcing

The moist potential vorticity (MPV) equation is derived from complete atmospheric equations including the effect of mass forcing, with which the theory of Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development (USVD) is proposed based on the theory of Slantwise Vorticity Development (SVD). When an air parcel slides up along a slantwise isentropic surface, its vertical component of relative vorticity will develop, and the steeper the isentropic surface is, the more violent the development will be. From the definition of MPV and the MPV equation produced here in, a complete vorticity equation is then put forward with mass forcing, which explicitly includes the effects of both internal forcings, such as variations of stability, baroclinicity, and vertical shear of horizontal wind, and external forcings, such as diabatic heating, friction, and mass forcing.When isentropic surfaces are flat, the complete vorticity equation matches its traditional counterpart. The physical interpretations of some of the items which are included in the complete vorticity equation but not in the traditional one are studied with a simplified model of the ChangjiangoHuaihe Meiyu front. A 60-h simulation is then performed to reproduce a torrential rain event in the ChangjiangoHuaihe region and the output of the model is studied qualitatively based on the theory of USVD. The result shows that the conditions of the theory of USVD are easily satisfied immediately in front of mesoscale rainstorms in the downwind direction, that is, the theory of USVD is important to the development and movement of these kinds of systems.     

新一代天气雷达产品在阿克苏大降水预报中的应用

利用新疆阿克苏CINRAD／CC多普勒天气雷达的探测资料，在新疆气象局新一代天气雷达网络应用软件和CINRAD PUP软件产品的基础上，分析研究了2003年11月5～7日发生在阿克苏地区的大降水天气，得出：此次天气的强度场、速度场、垂直剖面结构具有积层混合性降水回波与层状云降水回波的特征，低空偏东急流、暖平流中尺度系统和速度场分布对强降水的定时、定量、定点预报具有明确的指示意义。     

双偏振雷达产品在福建强对流天气过程中的应用分析

利用高空地面资料和厦门双偏振雷达资料对2016年12月21—22日福建东南部沿海出现的一次冰雹、短时强降水强对流天气过程进行分析。结果表明,21日午后的冰雹天气是在暖区内西南气流暖湿强迫背景下产生的,21日夜里的强降水天气则是斜压锋生类强对流天气。利用双偏振雷达产品可分析出冰雹的相态演变:明显的冰雹特征(Z_(DR)≤0、回波强度≥55 dBz)首先出现在0℃层附近,后向上向下发展,高层出现三体散射现象,但由于干湿球0℃层高度相当,融化层厚度厚,午后地面温度超过20℃,冰雹在下降过程中Z_(DR)、K_(DP)由负值转正值,表明冰雹逐渐融化成大雨滴或外包水膜的冰雹;三体散射回波强度15～20 dBz区域,对应的Z_(DR)出现由负极值到正极值的突变区,CC0. 7,呈现非气象回波的特征。短时强降水对应Z_(DR)、K_(DP)随反射率因子的增大而增大,CC0. 97,说明强降雨是由大量粒子较大的雨滴造成的。     

Planetary wave reflection and its impact on tropospheric cold weather over Asia during January 2008

Reflection of stratospheric planetary waves and its impact on tropospheric cold weather over Asia during January 2008 were investigated by applying two dimensional Eliassen-Palm （EP） flux and three-dimensional Plumb wave activity fluxes.The planetary wave propagation can clearly be seen in the longitude-height and latitude-height sections of the Plumb wave activity flux and EP flux,respectively,when the stratospheric basic state is partially reflective.Primarily,a wave packet emanating from Baffin Island/coast of Labrador propagated eastward,equatorward and was reflected over Central Eurasia and parts of China,which in turn triggered the advection of cold wind from the northern part of the boreal forest regions and Siberia to the subtropics.The wide region of Central Eurasia and China experienced extreme cold weather during the second ten days of January 2008,whereas the extraordinary persistence of the event might have occurred due to an anomalous blocking high in the Urals-Siberia region.