Characteristics of the Boundary Layer Structure of Sea Fog on the Coast of Southern China

Using boundary layer data with regard to sea fog observed at the Science Experiment Base for Marine Meteorology at Bohe,Guangdong Province,the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer and the characteristics of the tops of the fog and the clouds were analyzed.In addition,the effects of advection,radiation,and turbulence during sea fog were also investigated.According to the stability definition of saturated,wet air,the gradient of the potential pseudo-equivalent temperature equal to zero was defined as the thermal turbulence interface.There is evidence to suggest that two layers of turbulence exist in sea fog.Thermal turbulence produced by long-wave radiation is prevalent above the thermal turbulence interface,whereas mechanical turbulence aroused by wind shear is predominant below the interface.The height of the thermal turbulence interface was observed between 180 m and 380 m.Three important factors are closely related to the development of the top of the sea fog:(1) the horizontal advection of the water vapor,(2) the long-wave radiation of the fog top,and(3) the movement of the vertical turbulence.Formation,development,and dissipation are the three possible phases of the evolution of the boundary-layer structure during the sea fog season.In addition,the thermal turbulence interface is the most significant turbulence interface during the formation and development periods;it is maintained after sea fog rises into the stratus layer.     

Heterogeneous oxygenation of wetland soils with increasing inundation: Redox potential,water depth,and preferential flow paths

Saturated wetland soils are typically depleted in oxygen due to rapid consumption by biological processes. Fine-grained sediments limit the vertical flux of oxygenated surface water. In forested wetlands potential exists for advective transport along preferential flow pathways created by decomposing roots or tree remains, resulting in isolated zones of oxygenated pore water. This potential is enhanced in wetlands that are perched above the regional water table, where increases in surface-water depth create significant downward hydraulic gradients. Along the Mississippi River floodplain, many wetlands are now perched as a result of groundwater mining. This study was conducted at Sky Lake, MS, through a growing season, with high temporal-resolution monitoring of redox potential as a proxy for the delivery of oxygenated surface water at 30 and 60 cm depths at six locations. Results showed reducing conditions at all locations under moderate inundation, but redox potential rose significantly at a subset of locations when surface-water exceeded one meter in depth. Rising redox potential is argued to represent localised advective transport of oxygen in excess of the rate of biological consumption. Wetland plants growing in perennially saturated soils may benefit from periodic increases in water depth and subsequent increase in the flux of oxygen along preferential flow paths.     

A numerical study of island wake generated by an elliptical tidal flow

An idealized numerical study of the influence of a tidal flow around an island has been undertaken with ROMS. The study focusses on coastal island wakes which are mainly controlled by elliptical tidal current flows on shallow shelves. This model is typical of some isolated continental shelf islands. The model is forced by a semi-diurnal barotropic inertia gravity wave imposed on the four open boundaries of a rectangular domain and its propagation results in an elliptical tidal flow within the domain in which the circular island lies. The influence of the surrounding island bathymetry and of the ellipse shape has been studied both in two and three dimensions. In the island vicinity, the residual circulation patterns over a tidal period show alongshore flow divergence along the major axis and convergence along the minor axis. A thin tidal ellipse (i.e. with a large ratio between major and minor axes) leads to strong eddy activity periods in the lee of the island during the flood and ebb phases, with eddy dissipation phases in between. By contrast, an almost round ellipse (axis ratio nearly 1) leads to vorticity filaments which continuously progress around the island without eddy shedding. The presence of a topographic slope in the vicinity of the island strengthens the eddy activity. This study suggests that the tidal current rotation favors the development of the eddy rotating in the same direction and weakens the development of the second eddy. In three dimensions with a surrounding bathymetry, an intense upwelling occurs in a large area in the lee of the island and the vertical velocities are stronger with thinner ellipses. With a flat bottom the vertical motions are almost fully generated by convergence and divergence of the secondary flow. With a varying bottom topography, the vertical motions come from a combination of this mechanism with convergence and divergence of the depth averaged flow.     

2010年2月一次冬季黄海海雾的成因分析

利用青岛浮标观测、自动气象站观测、Micaps站点观测、L波段雷达等观测数据,New Generation SST,OI-SST和NCEP提供的FNL和CFSR再分析数据。并利用中尺度模式WRF对这次冬季海雾进行诊断分析。得到以下结论:(1)观测表明,这次海雾首先在黄海北部生成,是由于冷暖空气在黄海海域交汇,增大相对湿度,形成混合雾。在22日12:00时(UTC)之后,暖平流北上,冷平流消失。海雾逐渐转成平流冷却雾。青岛出现的海雾是从黄海发展过来的,并且为平流冷却雾。(2)在黄海,冷暖空气混合增大相对湿度,生成混合雾。与后期的平流冷却雾相比,混合雾的高度明显偏低。(3)海温异常偏低。在2010年2月渤海大面积结冰,海温偏低可能与融冰有关系。(4)模式结果表明,混合雾与冷水域的关系密切。平流冷却雾与冷水域的位置基本一致。混合雾和平流冷却雾都受海温影响较大。混合雾雾区变化很大,因为冷空气在移动过程中变性,不利于混合雾生成。冷海面对平流冷却雾起着很关键的作用。这次冬季海雾与春夏季黄海海雾的不同点在:这次海雾的发生机制不同于典型的春夏季黄海海雾。春夏季典型的黄海海雾主要是平流冷却雾,而这次冬季海雾在生成上首先是混合雾,后来转为平流冷却雾。     

Roles of forced and inertially unstable convection development in the onset process of Indian summer monsoon

The NCEP/NCAR R1 reanalysis data are employed to investigate the impact of forced and inertial instability in the lower troposphere over the Arabian Sea on the onset process of Indian summer monsoon(ISM),and to reveal the important role of zonal advection of zonal geostrophic momentum played in the forced unstable convection.Results show that during the ISM onset the zero absolute vorticity contour(??=0)shifts northward due to the strong cross-equatorial pressure gradient in the lower troposphere over southern Arabian Sea.Thus a region with negative absolute vorticity is generated near the equator in the northern hemisphere,manifesting the evident free inertial instability.When a southerly passes through this region,under the influence of friction a lower convergence that facilitates the convection flourishing at the lower latitudes appears to the north of zero absolute vorticity contour.However,owing to such a traditional inertial instability,the convection is confined near the equator which does not have direct influence on the ISM onset.On the contrary in the region to the north of the zero absolute vorticity contour and to the south of the low pressure center near the surface,although the atmosphere there is inertially stable,the lower westerly jet can develop and bring on the apparent zonal advection of zonal geostrophic momentum.Both theoretical study and diagnosing analysis present that such a zonal advection of geostrophic momentum is closely associated with the zonal asymmetric distribution of meridional land-sea thermal contrast,which induces a convergence center near and further north of the westerly jet in the lower troposphere over the southwestern coast of the Indian Peninsula,providing a favorable lower circulation for the ISM onset.It illustrates that the development of convection over the Arabian Sea in late spring and early summer is not only due to the frictional inertial instability but also strongly affected by the zonal asymmetric distribution of land-sea thermal contrast.Moreover,before the ISM onset due to the eastward development of the South Asian High(SAH)in the upper troposphere,high potential vorticity is transported to the region over the Arabian Sea.Then a local trumpet-shaped stream field is generated to cause the evident upper divergence-pumping effect which favors the ISM onset.When the upper divergence is vertically coupled with the lower convergence resulted from the aforementioned forced unstable convection development near the southwestern coast of Indian Peninsula,the atmospheric baroclinic unstable development is stimulated and the ISM onset is triggered.     

2009年11月10-12日河南北部暴雪天气诊断分析

利用常规观测资料和FY2C卫星产品,对2009年11月10-12日河南北部地区暴雪天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:500 hPa图上在中高纬地区形成稳定的"两槽一脊"环流形势,出现"南槽北脊"结构,低空急流显著发展,850 hPa盛行偏东气流,地面图上河套倒槽与回流形势同时发展,触发了这次暴雪天气;深厚的湿层和持续的水汽辐合为暴雪产生提供了充沛的水汽条件;低层辐合、高层辐散是触发不稳定能量释放的重要启动机制,中低空正涡度平流中心和温度冷平流中心先于暴雪出现,对暴雪天气预报有指示作用;低层冷空气较强,高层暖湿空气较强,这种"冷垫"与"暖盖"稳定形势是这次连续性区域暴雪产生的重要热力条件。     

常德市2002年5月13日大暴雨成因解析

用多普勒天气雷达产品、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、卫星云图产品、实时探测资料及MM5数值模拟,对2002年发生在湖南常德境内的"5.13"大暴雨进行解析,得出此次暴雨过程由高空低槽、中低层切变及西南急流、地面倒槽和弱冷空气共同影响产生,急流形成、发展与减弱对降水强度有直接的影响.暴雨中心与云图上的"U"形缺口区、多普勒基本速度场上的中低层急流轴线位置有较好的对应关系.多普勒基本速度场上急流强弱振荡出现的时间、低层暖平流之上(高层)出现冷平流的时间、低层气旋式涡旋流场的形成与维持以及低层垂直风切变强度变化对强降水发生的时间有明显的指示作用.数值模拟证实雷达探测到的中尺度涡旋、急流及辐合带是正确的.这些结论对暴雨临近预报业务具有明确的参考价值.     

中国东部一场持续性大雾的诊断分析

利用常规资料及NCEP 1°×1°的6小时再分析资料对2007年12月18-23日中国东部大范围大雾进行诊断分析,结果表明:逆温层的高度及强度与雾的浓度关系密切,弱的冷暖平流均有利于产生雾,但是温度平流在近地面一定高度迅速逆转使得温度层结由不稳定转为稳定更利于浓雾产生.边界层在低层辐合上升和高层辐散下沉的界面中形成逆温层,是浓雾产生的重要因素.     

西北太平洋风速垂直切变异常对热带气旋活动年际变化的影响

应用中国《台风年鉴》资料、欧洲中心40年月平均再分析资料和NOAA的逐月海温资料,研究了西北太平洋(5°—30°N,110°E—180°)风速垂直切变异常对热带气旋(TC)活动年际变化的影响。研究发现,西北太平洋所有TC、风暴以上级别的TC(TSTY,即达到热带风暴级别及以上的所有TC)和所有台风(WTY,包括台风、强台风和超强台风)年频数与西北太平洋风速垂直切变都显著负相关。西北太平洋风速垂直切变大小对生成源地在南海(5°—30°N,110°—120°E)TC和西北太平洋西部海域(5°—30°N,120°—150°E)TC的影响较小,而对西北太平洋东部海域(5°—30°N,150°E—180°)生成的TC影响最大:即西北太平洋风速垂直切变负异常年,有利于西北太平洋东部海域TC生成发展,使得负异常年较正异常年TC频数偏多和源地平均位置偏东;并且风速垂直切变的变化对TC频数和生成源地影响的显著性,随着TC强度的增加而增加。对TSTY生成环境场的进一步分析表明,西北太平洋风速垂直切变偏小年,季风槽偏强位置偏东,它的东端位于宽阔的太平洋洋面,与弱风速垂直切变区相配合,暖的海温加上低层强烈的正涡度和强烈辐合,且相应的高层有强的气流辐散区,这些环境场都有利于TSTY在主要源地尤其是西北太平洋东部海域生成,这是风速垂直切变偏小年TSTY偏多和生成源地偏东的重要原因。     

东北初夏极端低温事件的空间分布特征及其成因机理分析

采用东北三省150个测站1961~2008年的逐日温度资料和同期美国环境预报中心(NCEP)、国家大气研究中心(NCAR)2.5°×2.5°分辨率的全球再分析资料,探讨东北三省初夏极端低温事件的空间分布及其大气动力学特征,结果表明:该区初夏气温与夏季气温变化在时空尺度上相关显著,具有重要的预警作用;给出初夏极端低温事件的定义,其空间分布可归为3种类型,随纬度的增加极端低温事件发生的频率也显著增加;20世纪90年代以来,极端低温事件明显减少,仅出现2次,但影响范围遍布东北三省全境;阻高与冷涡的配置和大气低频Rossby波扰动对初夏东北冷涡活动气候基本流的同位相强迫,更增强了500 hPa位势高度距平场由北向南的"+、-"局域环流的异常,是极端低温事件的强弱与空间范围大小的重要动力机制;较为偏东的鄂霍次克海阻高和冷涡,以及冷平流的作用与以黑龙江省(包括吉林省的一部分)为主出现极端低温Ⅰ、Ⅱ类事件的关系更加密切,贝加尔湖阻高和鄂霍次克海阻高与偏南的强冷涡相互匹配、大气低频Rossby波扰动很强易出现第Ⅲ类极端低温事件。