梅雨雨带北跳过程研究

利用1979～2007年逐日再分析资料和高分辨率逐日降水资料,通过定义确定了每年梅雨雨带北跳的日期,对梅雨雨带的北跳过程及其可能的物理机制进行了研究。分析结果表明:梅雨雨带北跳日期存在明显的年际变化,本文合成得到的雨带北跳过程与前人的工作相一致。水汽输送的变化和对流层中层的垂直运动是影响梅雨雨带位置分布的关键因素。Omega方程诊断结果表明,在梅雨雨带北跳前期,对流层高层的环流异常导致江淮流域出现异常下沉运动,不利于梅雨雨带的北跳;而涡度方程的诊断结果表明,江淮流域的异常下沉运动导致的非绝热冷却在中国东部的对流层低层引起异常反气旋涡度倾向,有利于副热带高压西伸,从而有利于梅雨雨带的北跳。因此,当对流层高层环流发生变化（主要受纬向涡度平流影响）,使得江淮流域的异常下沉运动转变为异常上升运动时,高低层相互配合,造成了梅雨雨带的突然北跳。     

2013年初春一次平流雾过程对江苏交通的影响分析

2013年3月18—19日江苏省一次平流雾天气具有突发性强、影响范围广、强度大、持续时间长等特点。利用江苏省高速公路自动气象监测站(AWM)数据、FNL数据和常规气象资料,对其成因进行分析,并评价其对交通及预报服务质量的影响。结果表明:高中低层的暖平流和入海变性冷高压为平流雾发生发展提供了有利的环流形势;持续变化较小的气压梯度、相对湿度的陡增、地面弱冷空气产生的温差和在偏东风风速达6 m·s-1时,平流雾即可快速生成;较低的混合层高度和逆温存在是低能见度形成的必要条件,能见度越低时混合层高度也就越低;近地层的冷平流和中高层的暖平流形成平流逆温,同时配合近地面的弱上升运动,有利于雾的形成和维持。根据江苏省交通气象台关于雾的预报服务发布流程规范和预报质量评价,本次雾过程中对高速公路、高架桥和长江航道的预报服务准确、及时,服务质量良好,有效地避免了交通事故的发生。     

“96.1”暴雪期中尺度切变线发生发展的动力诊断：Ⅰ：涡度和涡度变率 …

利用引入三相云显式降水方案后改进和发展的中尺度模式（ＭＭ４）模拟输出资料,对“９６．１”高原暴雪切变线发生、发展的结构进行了运动学和动力学诊断。涡度场演变指出,高原上局地涡度中心和涡度带的生成和发展不仅与暴雪切变线的形成和发展密切相关,而且有预测切变线生成的先兆意义;涡度场、散度场、垂直速度场当位温场的剖面结构诊断表明,运动场的热力场的相互配置与耦合关系极有得暴雪切变线及暴雪形成与维持;涡度变率诊     

2013年1月江苏雾霾天气持续和增强机制分析

利用江苏省能见度监测资料、自动站气象要素资料、探空资料、NCEP(1°×1°)和CFSV2(0.5°×0.5°)再分析资料,对2013年1月江苏雾霾持续性和13—14日大雾形成机制展开分析,结果表明:(1)中高纬平直的纬向环流,江苏位于地面高压底部偏东气流中,冷高压主体偏北,是1月发生持续雾霾天气的大背景。较弱的偏北经向风导致冷空气势力较弱,为1月江苏雾霾天气持续发生提供了近地层有利的稳定形势。(2)近地面相对湿度85%以上,风速小于3 m·s~(-1),风向以偏东风为主,凌晨与夜间温度露点差小于3℃。这些条件的稳定为持续雾霾发生提供了良好的气象因子。(3)地面辐射降温和弱冷平流共同作用引起的温度快速下降以及日出后潮湿地面蒸发增强对雾的加强起到一定的触发作用。近地面冷平流和混合层以上暖平流为本次雾增强提供了稳定的大气层结条件。近地面弱上升运动、中高层弱的下沉运动是14日凌晨雾快速加强的动力机制。     

不同下垫面湍流输送计算方法的研究

文章应用三种不同下垫面近地面层风速和温度梯度资料，代入风速和温度廓线公式，迭代求得感热通量及热量交换系数。确定Kh /Kw与稳定参数ξ的关系式。分别利用空气动力学方法和波文比能量平衡法计算潜热通量，并进行了比较。     

强降水过程中热力切变平流参数的诊断分析

在以往研究的基础上, 本文把对流涡度矢量的垂直分量、水平散度和广义位温的垂直梯度有机地结合起来, 引入热力切变平流参数的概念。本文针对两次强降水过程, 利用NCEP/NCAR全球最终分析资料对热力切变平流参数进行诊断分析, 结果表明, 热力切变平流参数能够比较准确地综合表征雨区上空水平风场切变和湿等熵面漏斗状向下伸展等动力学和热力学典型的垂直结构特征, 因而该参数与降水系统的发展演变密切相关, 与观测的6小时累积地面降水区存在一定的对应关系; 在空间水平分布和时间演变趋势上, 热力切变平流参数的异常值区覆盖着观测的6小时累积地面降水区; 该参数在降水区内表现为强信号, 而在非降水区表现为弱信号。影响热力切变平流参数发展演变的因素分析表明, 该参数倾向方程中通量散度项的异常值区覆盖着观测的6小时累积地面降水区, 表明雨区内通量散度项导致的热力切变平流参数变化比较明显, 其中纬向风速与经向风速相互作用的贡献是不容忽略的。     

Influence of advection on the characteristics of turbulence over uneven surface in the oasis and the Gobi Desert

Utilizing experimental data of the atmospheric surface layer in the Gobi Oasis of Jinta in a comparative study, we demonstrate that under the condition of unstable stratification, the normalization variances of temperature in the oasis and Gobi Desert meet 1/3(z/Λ)(z/Λ)while normalization variances of both humidity and CO2 in the oasis meet(z)sz\Λ-1/3;s s z Λ the normalization variance of temperature in the oasis is large due to disturbance by advection, whereas variance of CO2 in the Gobi Desert has certain degree of deviation relative to Monin-Obukhov(M-O) scaling, and humidity variance completely deviates from variance M-O scaling. The above result indicates that under the condition of advection, humidity variance meets the relationsm sA sB D and it is determined by relative magnitude of scalar variance of advection transport. Our study reveals that, if the scalar variance of humidity or CO2 transported by advection is much larger than local scalar variance, observation value of scalar variance will deviate from M-O scaling; when scalar variance of advection transport is close to or less than local scalar variance, the observation value of scalar variance approximately meets M-O scaling.     

The characteristics of sea fog with different airflow over the Huanghai Sea in boreal spring

Using the observations from ICOADS datasets and contemporaneous NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets during 1960-2002, the study classifies the airflows in favor of sea fog over the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea in boreal spring (April-May) with the method of trajectory analysis, and analyzes the changes of proportions of warm and cold sea fogs along different paths of airflow. According to the heat balance equation, we investigate the relationships between the marine meteorological conditions and the proportion of warm and cold sea fog along different airflow paths. The major results are summarized as follows. (1) Sea fogs over the Huanghai Sea in spring are not only warm fog but also cold fog. The proportion of warm fog only accounts for 44% in April, while increases as high as 57% in May. (2) Four primary airflow paths leading to spring sea fog are identified. They are originated from the northwest, east, southeast and southwest of the Huanghai Sea, respectively. The occurrence ratios of the warm sea fog along the east and southeast airflow paths are high of 55% and 70%, while these along the southwest and northwest airflow paths are merely 17.9% and 50%. (3) The key physical processes governing the warm/cold sea fog are heat advection transport, longwave radiation cooling at fog top, solar shortwave warming and latent heat flux between airsea interfaces. (4) The characteristics of sea fog along the four airflow paths relate closely to the conditions of water vapor advection, and the vertical distribution of relative humidity.     

On the Second-Year Warming in Late 2019 over the Tropical Pacific and Its Attribution to an Indian Ocean Dipole Event※

After its maturity, El Ni?o usually decays rapidly in the following summer and evolves into a La Ni?a pattern. However, this was not the case for the 2018/19 El Ni?o event. Based on multiple reanalysis data sets, the space-time evolution and triggering mechanism for the unusual second-year warming in late 2019, after the 2018/19 El Ni?o event, are investigated in the tropical Pacific. After a short decaying period associated with the 2018/19 El Ni?o condition, positive sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) re-intensified in the eastern equatorial Pacific in late 2019. Compared with the composite pattern of El Ni?o in the following year, two key differences are evident in the evolution of SSTAs in 2019. First, is the persistence of the surface warming over the central equatorial Pacific in May, and second, is the re-intensification of the positive SSTAs over the eastern equatorial Pacific in September. Observational results suggest that the re-intensification of anomalous westerly winds over the western and central Pacific, induced remotely by an extreme Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event, acted as a triggering mechanism for the second-year warming in late 2019. That is, the IOD-related cold SSTAs in the eastern Indian Ocean established and sustained anomalous surface westerly winds over the western equatorial Pacific, which induced downwelling Kelvin waves propagating eastward along the equator. At the same time, the subsurface ocean provided plenty of warm water in the western and central equatorial Pacific. Mixed-layer heat budget analyses further confirm that positive zonal advection, induced by the anomalous westerly winds, and thermocline feedback played important roles in leading to the second-year warming in late 2019. This study provides new insights into the processes responsible for the diversity of El Ni?o evolution, which is important for improving the physical understanding and seasonal prediction of El Ni?o events.     

Atmospheric driving mechanisms of extreme precipitation events in July of 2017 and 2018 in western Japan

The occurrence of extreme precipitation events is now a serious concern in recent years in Japan. This study explores the atmospheric driving mechanisms of two extreme precipitation events occurred during 5–6 July 2017 and 5–8 July 2018 over western Japan. We identified that the atmospheric transport of large amounts of moisture and wind streams with wind speed of minimum 15 m s⁻¹ from south of Japan towards north on the days before these torrential precipitation events are mainly responsible for the July 2017 and July 2018 floods over western Japan. However, the contributions from the moisture advections (both vertical and horizontal) to the atmospheric water budget plays key roles to intensify the precipitations during the said torrential events. We also find that the prominent moisture flux convergence and well-developed moist conditions mainly maintain these heavy precipitation events over the downpour affected area. Our overall analysis suggests that the atmospheric factors driving to all these two heavy precipitation events are qualitatively robust and vital to explain the mechanism of extreme precipitations.