斜压Ertel-Rossby不变量在梅雨锋降水过程中的研究与应用

绝热无摩擦下,位涡(PV)的守恒性、不可渗透性和可反演性使之非常广泛地应用在中高纬度天气学诊断分析中,但由于其本身不包含力管项,无法描述强烈天气的快速流形等局限性,因此分析了Zdunkowski and Bott(2003)提出的斜压Ertrl-Rossby不变量(ERI),结果表明,绝热无摩擦条件下的ERI在其表达式中就已经明确地包含了螺旋度和PV的表达式,同时也涵盖了斜压大气中的力管项效应,可以描述快速流形的天气系统,具有PV所不能取代的优点,这使得它具有非常广泛的潜在应用价值。在此基础上,还利用ERI诊断了2003年7月3～6日的一次梅雨降水过程,结果表明,ERI完整地刻画了这次降水带南移及降水强度变化的特点,随着24h累积降水带的移动,ERI低值区也随之移动,二者吻合非常好。和PV相比,ERI对降水落区及强度变化的诊断能力更强。     

陇中黄土高原垂直感热平流输送对LAS和EC观测感热通量差异的影响

利用"黄土高原陆面过程试验研究(LOPEX)"2010年6月定西站的陆面过程综合观测资料,以造成大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)和涡动相关仪(EC)测量感热通量的差异为切入点,从中尺度垂直感热平流输送过程入手,将垂直感热平流输送的贡献作为地表有效能量的一部分引入EC直接观测的感热通量,对比引入前后LAS和EC测量感热通量的差异大小.结果表明:黄土高原定西观测站近地层大气垂直方向主要表现为向上运动,峰值达到0.074 m·s^-1,为垂直感热平流输送提供了必要的动力条件.尤其该地区处在半干旱区,地表受太阳辐射加热比较显著,近地层温度梯度最大可达0.39 K·m^-1,为产生垂直感热平流提供了能量基础.加入垂直感热平流输送的贡献后,EC地表能量不闭合度的日均值由直接观测的0.30缩小到0.24.修正后,LAS和EC测量的感热通量拟合的线性趋势系数由直接观测时的1.258缩小到1.186,两者差异得以缩小.     

Analysis of cyclogenesis parameter for developing and nondeveloping low-pressure systems over the Indian Sea

A cyclone genesis parameter, termed the genesis potential parameter (GPP), for the Indian Sea is proposed. The parameter is defined as the product of four variables, namely vorticity at 850 hPa, middle tropospheric relative humidity, middle tropospheric instability, and the inverse of vertical wind shear. The variables are calculated using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), USA, reanalysis data, averaged within a circle of 2.5° radius around the centre of cyclonic system. The parameter is tested with a sample dataset of 35 nondeveloping and developing low-pressure systems that formed over the Indian Sea during the period 1995–2005. The result shows that there is a distinction between GPP values for nondeveloping and developing systems in more than 85% cases. The composite GPP value is found to be around three to five times greater for developing systems than for nondeveloping systems. The analysis of the parameter at early development stage of a cyclonic storm appears to provide a useful predictive signal for intensification of the system.     

Baroclinic dynamics of wind-driven circulation in a stratified bay: A numerical study using models of varying complexity

The baroclinic response of a stratified coastal embayment (Lunenburg Bay of Nova Scotia) to the observed wind forcing is examined using two numerical models. A linear baroclinic model based on the normal mode approach shows skill at reproducing the observed isotherm movements and sub-surface currents during a time of strong stratification in the bay. The linear model also shows that the isotherm movement in Lunenburg Bay is influenced by the wind forcing and propagation of baroclinic Kelvin waves from neighbouring Mahone Bay. The effects of nonlinearity and topography are investigated using a three-dimensional nonlinear coastal circulation model. The nonlinear model results demonstrate that the nonlinear advection terms generate a gyre circulation at the entrance of Lunenburg Bay, and the slope bottom topography at the mouth of the bay strengthens the sub-surface time-mean inflow on the southern side of the bay. A comparison of model-calculated currents in different numerical experiments clearly shows that baroclinicity plays a dominant role in the dynamics of wind-driven circulation in Lunenburg Bay.     

Characteristics of quadrant and octant advection schemes in wave models

We point out one problem of the grid advection schemes when used in wave models in coastal areas. The deficiency of the schemes is investigated by means of the ‘third' generation WAM wave model, in which the wave energy is advected by a first order upwind scheme. Two similar, alternative modifications of this scheme are analyzed, the second of which is shown to solve most of the problems encountered with advection along the co-ordinate axes.     

风廓线雷达资料在乌鲁木齐一次大暴雪过程分析中的应用

利用常规观测、自动站逐时降水量、乌鲁木齐市风廓线雷达及ECMWF1°×1°再分析等资料,对2018年10月17—18日乌鲁木齐雨夹雪转大暴雪过程进行分析。结果表明,大暴雪是在低空西北气流与中高层西南急流叠加并维持的有利环流背景下,由700～850 hPa风切变、风速辐合、地面冷锋及地形强迫抬升等多尺度系统共同作用造成的。强降雪时雷达探测高度维持较高达7500 m,随着降雪结束探测高度明显降低。水平风场表明低空西北急流与中高层偏南急流形成的垂直风切变廓线的维持,是强降雪持续的动力条件。大气折射率结构常数C_n~2、垂直速度的大小与雨雪的开始、结束时间有较好的对应关系,且低层较强偏北风与C_n~2大值区相对应,降雪时低层垂直速度为0.8～1.2 m·s~(-1),雨或雨夹雪时垂直速度为1.8～2.5 m·s~(-1)。因此,水平风向风速、C_n~2和垂直速度的垂直变化对暴雪短临预报有很好的参考价值。     

水面薄层热结构变化诱发机制的模拟研究──空气冷/暖平流效应

利用ＨＤＧ－高灵敏度红外测温仪和常规测试仪器在低温实验室的水槽中,对气温可控条件下模拟形成空气冷／暖平流流经水面过程中的静态水面薄层热结构进行了分层同步测量。数据分析表明,在空气暖平流过程中的静态水面薄层热气温骤增２１．５℃,水面皮温商步增加达１．５７℃,温度响应系数为＋０．０７３,这种温度应系数在升温吕过程中,其平均值为０．０４６;而在冷平流（降温）过程中,则为－０．０２２,个别情况下,皮温降低     

象山港潮波响应和变形研究 Ⅲ.潮滩位置和平流效应对M4分潮的作用

通过半封闭矩形理想海湾的潮波运动数值模拟,分析了潮滩及平流效应对M₄分潮的生成和增长的影响.结果说明潮滩的作用不但依赖本身的规模和湾内潮波非线性的强弱,而且与潮滩在湾内所处位置关系很大.在存在M₄分潮共振的海湾中,平流效应可以抑制共振对M₄分潮的放大作用.     

坡面非均匀沙输移机理实验方法

在分析坡面泥沙输移现象的基础上,以室内沙堆模型实验量化其输沙特征,得出其在空间上具有自相似分形的动力学过程,从理论上应用水动力学弥散特性进一步证实,结果符合较好。