加里曼丹岛西北侧低盐水季节变化及机理分析

利用LEVITUS温盐资料、HOAPS降水及蒸发资料以及OFES模式资料等分析加里曼丹岛西北侧表层低盐水的季节变化规律,并使用盐度平衡模式诊断了海面淡水通量、径流、卷挟作用以及平流作用对低盐水变化的贡献.分析表明:加里曼丹西北侧全年均存在1个低盐水团,其季节变化具有"双峰"特征,3月至4月以及10月至11月会发生2次低...     

海雾生成过程中平流、湍流和辐射效应的数值试验

利用相对湿度方程,结合数值模式研究了在海雾生成过程中平流、湍流和辐射的效应。结果表明,海雾生成的主要“推动力”是长波辐射冷却,湍流冷却在低层主要发生在平流的初始阶段。随着时间的推移,湍流对低层大气很快变为起加热作用,不利于海雾的生成。湍流和辐射效应在低层大气中符号相反(仅在海雾生成的初始阶段符号相同),量级相同,在高层大气中湍流和辐射效应符号相同,但辐射效应占优势。湍流效应和辐射效应是影响海雾生成的主要因素,平流直接作用似乎不大。平流、湍流和辐射效应及其总效应均随时间推移而减小。另外,还初步研究了风速大小和海温高低对平流、湍流和辐射效应及海雾生成的影响。     

Divergence of turbulent fluxes in the surface layer: case of a coastal city

This study quantifies the processes that take place in the layer between the mean building height and the measurement level of an energy balance micrometeorological tower located in the dense old core of a coastal European city. The contributions of storage, vertical advection, horizontal advection and radiative divergence for heat are evaluated with the available measurements and with a three-dimensional, high-resolution meteorological simulation that had been evaluated against observations. The study focused on a summer period characterized by sea-breeze flows that affect the city. In this specific configuration, it appears that the horizontal advection is the dominant term. During the afternoon when the sea breeze is well established, correction of the sensible heat flux with horizontal heat advection increases the measured sensible heat flux up to 100 W m⁻². For latent heat flux, the horizontal moisture advection converted to equivalent latent heat flux suggests a decrease of 50 W m⁻². The simulation reproduces well the temporal evolution and magnitude of these terms.     

Variations of crop coefficient and its influencing factors in an arid advective cropland of northwest China

Understanding the variation and magnitude of crop coefficient (K_c) is important for accurate determination of crop evapotranspiration and water use. In this study, we calculated K_c in an irrigated maize field with ground mulching by eddy covariance evapotranspiration measurements during the whole growing periods in 2009 and 2010 in an arid region of northwest China. A semi‐empirical practical approach for estimating K_c was proposed by introducing the dynamic fraction of canopy cover and incorporating the effect of leaf senescence as a function of days after sowing. The contribution of arid advection of sensible heat resulting from irrigation to K_c and the response of K_c to canopy conductance (G_c) were investigated. The averaged values of daily K_c were lower than typical values obtained previously without mulching due to decreasing effect of mulching on K_c, with 0.82 and 0.80 for the 2 years, respectively. The maximum average K_c occurred at the heading stage, with 1.21 and 1.04 for the 2 years, respectively. The difference of K_c was attributed to the difference of leaf area index. The semi‐empirical practical approach could well estimate the variations of K_c, thus could be a robust and useful tool for the practical users and water managers. The contributions to daily K_c from the arid advection were 4.4–28.0% of the measured K_c. The G_c had stronger control on daily K_c at the early and later stages than at the middle stage. When G_c, leaf area index and relative soil extractable water were lower than the respective threshold values of 20 mm s^?1, 3.0 m² m^?2 and 0.5, the daily K_c increased significantly with the increase of the three factors, and almost remained constant when the three factors were beyond the threshold values. These results are helpful for quantifying contributions of individual factors to K_c, and subsequently improving water management practices according to K_c. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于新型LE水平跳点网格的阴阳网格平流方案设计

为了模拟球面平流传输过程,本文基于球面阴阳重叠网格设计了一种两时间层半拉格朗日平流方案.该方案在球面坐标下采用新型的LE水平跳点网格,同时针对阴阳网格重叠区,采用了不同插值方法进行比较分析,且进行了相关的理想数值试验对方案设计效果进行评估.数值试验表明方案设计是成功的,阴阳网格重叠区平流对插值方案比较敏感;半拉格朗日方案能较好地模拟球面刚体平流和变形涡旋的结构、位置及演变过程,并具有较好的数值稳定性和较高的数值精度.     

温度平流在沙尘暴和大风天气预报中的差异分析

针对内蒙古沙尘暴天气中大气层结稳定度问题,选取了内蒙古强沙尘暴、大风(以大风为主部分地区伴有扬沙天气)两种天气过程,对冷空气活动的温度平流空间分布特征进行对比分析。分析结果表明:沙尘暴、大风天气都有较强的冷平流活动,但强冷平流的垂直分布明显不同,其对大气层结稳定度、温度垂直廓线、垂直运动分布有明显影响。沙尘暴天气强冷平流中心位于较高的700~600 hPa层次,其与近地层弱冷平流叠加,形成高低层温度平流差异,使得垂直气温直减率加大并保持这一趋势,形成有利于沙尘暴发生的深厚不稳定层结条件,在低层扰动的触发下形成干对流风暴,能量交换不稳定能量释放,使该层大气趋于中性层结即混合层,混合层是能量交换的一个平衡态;大风天气强冷平流中心位于较低的850 hPa以下层次,不利于形成不稳定层结条件。沙尘暴扬起的高度就是混合层厚度,比强冷平流中心位置高出150 hPa左右,强度达到—45×10~(-3)℃·s~(-1)以上的强冷平流中心在700~600 hPa层次时,混合层厚度可达到500 hPa以上层次,这一强度的沙尘暴天气可以影响到我国江南沿海地区。     

Energetics of lateral eddy diffusion/advection：Part Ⅳ. Energetics of diffusion/advection in sigma coordinates and other coordinates

Gravitational potential energy （GPE） source and sink due to stirring and cabbeling associated with sigma dif fusion/ advection is analyzed. It is shown that GPE source and sink is too big, and they are not closely linked to physical property distribution, such as temperature, salinity and velocity. Although the most frequently quoted advantage of sigma coordinate models are their capability of dealing with topography; the exces sive amount of GPE source and sink due to stirring and cabbeling associated with sigma diffusion/advec tion diagnosed from our analysis raises a very serious question whether the way lateral diffusion/advection simulated in the sigma coordinates model is physically acceptable. GPE source and sink in three coordinates is dramatically different in their magnitude and patterns. Overall, in terms of simulating lateral eddy diffu sion and advection isopycnal coordinates is the best choice and sigma coordinates is the worst. The physical reason of the excessive GPE source and sink in sigma coordinates is further explored in details. However, even in the isopycnal coordinates, simulation based on the Eulerian coordinates can be contaminated by the numerical errors associated with the advection terms.     

ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POTENTIAL VORTICITY LOCATED AT SOUTH EDGE OF SOUTH ASIA HIGH ON INTENSIFICATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

The NCEP 1°×1°reanalysis of June-to-September dataset between 2002 to 2009 is used in this study to conduct statistical analysis of the relationship between the environmental potential vorticity(PV)on 150 hPa located at the south edge of South Asia High(SAH)and TCs making landfall.The results show that 23 of the TCs are affected by the PV on 150 hPa located at the south edge of SAH between 2002 to2009,and three TCs'center pressure decline after the high-value environmental PV moves to the center of the TCs.These three TCs are Senlaku(0216),Bilis(0604)and Linfa(0903).Through diagnostic analysis from the viewpoint of isolines,we determined the relationship between the intensification of these TCs and the PV anomaly at high levels;the isentropic surface is close to the high level’s PV anomaly under the influence of the 150-hPa PV anomaly,leading to the decline of isentropic surfaces on both sides of the PV anomaly.Then the warm core of the middle and high levels of the TC strengthens and PV increases at the middle level,and both of them are beneficial to the reinforcement of the cyclonic vorticity in the low level.As a result,the center pressure of the TC declines.According to Wu’s theory of Slantwise Vorticity Development(SVD),the incline of the isentropic surfaces leads to the development of vertical vorticity,contributing to the vertical motion and the release of the latent heat.Then the warm core of the TC strengthens and the TC strengthens,too.Otherwise,piecewise PV inversion also shows that the high-level PV influences the mid-level more than the low level.