Summer Asian-Pacific Oscillation and Its Relationship with Atmospheric Circulation and Monsoon Rainfall

Using the ERA-40 data and numerical simulations, this study investigated the teleconnection over the extratropical Asian-Pacific region and its relationship with the Asian monsoon rainfall and the climatological characteristics of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific, and analyzed impacts of the Tibetan Plateau （TP） heating and Pacific sea surface temperature （SST） on the teleconnection. The Asian-Pacific oscillation （APO） is defined as a zonal seesaw of the tropospheric temperature in the midlatitudes of the Asian-Pacific region. When the troposphere is cooling in the midlatitudes of the Asian continent, it is warming in the midlatitudes of the central and eastern North Pacific; and vice versa. The APO also appears in the stratosphere, but with a reversed phase. Used as an index of the thermal contrast between Asia and the North Pacific, it provides a new way to explore interactions between the Asian and Pacific atmospheric circulations. The APO index exhibits the interannual and interdecadal variability. It shows a downward trend during 1958-2001, indicating a weakening of the thermal contrast, and shows a 5.5-yr oscillation period. The formation of the APO is associated with the zonal vertical circulation caused by a difference in the solar radiative heating between the Asian continent and the North Pacific. The numerical simulations further reveal that the summer TP heating enhances the local tropospheric temperature and upward motion, and then strengthens downward motion and decreases the tropospheric temperature over the central and eastern North Pacific. This leads to the formation of the APO. The Pacific decadal oscillation and El Nino/La Nina over the tropical eastern Pacific do not exert strong influences on the APO. When there is an anomaly in the summer APO, the South Asian high, the westerly jet over Eurasia, the tropical easterly jet over South Asia, and the subtropical high over the North Pacific change significantly, with anomalous Asian monsoon rainfall and tropical cyclon     

Long-term ice sheet–climate interactions under anthropogenic greenhouse forcing simulated with a complex Earth System Model

Several multi-century and multi-millennia simulations have been performed with a complex Earth System Model (ESM) for different anthropogenic climate change scenarios in order to study the long-term evolution of sea level and the impact of ice sheet changes on the climate system. The core of the ESM is a coupled coarse-resolution Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM). Ocean biogeochemistry, land vegetation and ice sheets are included as components of the ESM. The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) decays in all simulations, while the Antarctic ice sheet contributes negatively to sea level rise, due to enhanced storage of water caused by larger snowfall rates. Freshwater flux increases from Greenland are one order of magnitude smaller than total freshwater flux increases into the North Atlantic basin (the sum of the contribution from changes in precipitation, evaporation, run-off and Greenland meltwater) and do not play an important role in changes in the strength of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (NAMOC). The regional climate change associated with weakening/collapse of the NAMOC drastically reduces the decay rate of the GrIS. The dynamical changes due to GrIS topography modification driven by mass balance changes act first as a negative feedback for the decay of the ice sheet, but accelerate the decay at a later stage. The increase of surface temperature due to reduced topographic heights causes a strong acceleration of the decay of the ice sheet in the long term. Other feedbacks between ice sheet and atmosphere are not important for the mass balance of the GrIS until it is reduced to 3/4 of the original size. From then, the reduction in the albedo of Greenland strongly accelerates the decay of the ice sheet.     

热力强迫对局地环流的扰动作用

用积分变换法求解了包含地面加热作用的二维不可压缩流体的Boussinesq方程组,得到一组描述地面加热作用激发的局地扰动流场的解析解,主要有垂直风、水平扰动风、扰动气压、扰动温度。进而用动力学分析的观点结合图形分析,定性讨论了热力强迫作用对局地环流的扰动作用,以及加热影响下各物理扰动场的空间分布及时间演变特征。     

商丘市小麦白粉病预测模式研究

以商丘市1995-2005年的小麦白粉病发病面积、地面气象资料和大气环流特征量为依据,利用相关系数法进行因子普查,筛选出了影响商丘市小麦白粉病发生和流行的主要地面气象因子和大气环流特征因子及其关键时段,并利用多元线性回归方法建立了数学预测模型,模型历史拟合准确率为95．2％。利用该预测模式在2006年和2007年对商丘市白粉病发病面积进行预测,预报精度分别为93．1％和90．2％。     

一个耦合气候模式中的副极地涡旋指数与北大西洋经向翻转流

The subpolar gyre index (SPG), derived from the analysis of sea surface height (SSH), is proposed to be a potential indicator for the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) based on observation as well as the Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM). We investigated the correspondence between the SPG and the AMOC in a coupled climate model. Our results confirm that the SPG can be used as an early indicator for the AMOC in the subtropical North Atlantic. Changes in the SPG are closely related to variations in the air-sea heat exchange in the Labrador Sea, and variations in deep water formation and southward dense water transport with the deep western boundary current (DWBC) in the North Atlantic. Citation: Gao, Y. Q., and L. Yu, 2008: Subpolar gyre index and the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in a coupled climate model, Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 1, 29-32     

地形和城市热力环流对北京地区一次β中尺度暴雨的影响

北京特殊的箕簸型地形和超大城市热力环流对北京局地暴雨的落区和强度有重要影响.利用北京地区丰富的地面和高空观测资料,对2006年7月24日的一次局地暴雨过程中温度、湿度、风场的演变和相互配置进行了详细的分析,揭示了一次系统性冷空气与地形和城市热力环流相互作用并激发产生β中尺度雨带中不同降水中心的精细过程.得出如下主要结论:受北京地形影响,此次冷空气以东北-西南路径影响北京城区,在冷空气明显的条件下,强降水容易发生在温度较高的城区,同时降水中心倾向于出现在温度距平等值线密集且靠近冷空气移动路径的方位,即冷暖交汇最剧烈的位置.地形辐合切变在冷空气到来时得到了迅速加强,为京西城区强对流提供了强有力的扰动源,同时近地面辐合切变的向上传播对强降水的持续提供了有利的动力支持.降水过程中的潜热释放造成风场垂直切变的改变,在一定程度上使风暴中心附近的东南风迅速加强,使得降水所需的水汽条件得以维持.     

“三江源”夏季降水异常与大气环流异常的关系

利用三江源地区14个站1961-2005年逐月降水资料,对全区近45年夏季降水异常的时空特征及与大气环流异常的关系进行了分析.结果表明,近45年来,三江源地区的夏季降水量具有良好的空间一致性,总体呈微弱的减少趋势,减少幅度为9mm/45a;三江源地区经历了5个干、湿交替的阶段,存在较明显的准2年、准4～6年的振荡周期,自1980年代中期后12～14年左右的周期信号较强;1968、1979及1986年是3个明显的气候突变点,小波分析结果与降水序列大-小-大-小-大的变化趋势及突变检验存在良好的对应关系.环流分析表明,三江源地区夏季旱、涝年份的大气环流配置形势在高度距平场、风场和温度场均呈反向变化,可作为强信号,对三江源夏季降水的异常预测起指示作用.     

用前期大气环流指数预测新疆北部夏季降水的探讨

用1961-2007年新疆北部29站夏季(6-8月)降水资料,计算得到北疆夏季降水指数.以前期的月环流指数为因子,考虑相关系数的不稳定性,用滑动相关法初选因子,采用两级逐步回归的集合方案,尝试对北疆夏季降水指数进行预测.总样本数为47时,北疆夏季降水指数的拟合(预测)序列与原始序列之间的相关系数为0.7248.另外建立了10种不同总样本数的预测模型.经综合分析比较,以最终的统计集合预测效果最好,预测2008年北疆夏季降水将偏少,降水指数为106.9.结果表明:(1)滑动相关-逐步回归-集合预测方法以及在此基础上建立的统计集合预测模型具有一定的预测能力;(2)相关分析与时间序列分析相结合的思路和方法,可在季节、月等不同时间尺度的短期气候预测业务中应用.     

圣帕台风暴雨的非地转湿Q矢量的诊断分析

利用WRF中尺度模式模拟了台风"圣帕"登陆后减弱成热带低压造成湖南省大暴雨的过程,使用模拟输出的高分辨率资料,借助非地转湿Q矢量对这次暴雨过程做了详细的诊断分析.结果表明:非地转湿Q矢量能比较清楚地揭示此次暴雨演变过程,尤其700 hPa的非地转湿Q矢量散度场对降水预报具有较好的指示意义,其散度辐合区域对应着降水的落区,散度辐合强度变化指示着降水强度的变化趋势,并且非地转湿Q矢量散度辐合强度的大小可预示着未来3～6 h降水的强弱,是具有预报价值的;非地转湿Q矢量散度是非地转ω方程的强迫项,并与地形条件共同作用激发了地面中尺度系统的发展与次级环流的形成,是此次暴雨得以发展与维持的机制.     

The Role of Land–sea Distribution and Orography in the Asian Monsoon. Part I： Land–sea Distribution

A number of AGCM simulations were performed by including various land--sea distributions (LSDs), such as meridional LSDs, zonal LSDs, tropical large-scale LSDs, and subcontinental-scale LSDs, to identify their effects on the Asian monsoon. In seven meridional LSD experiments with the continent/ocean located to the north/south of a certain latitude, the LSDs remain identical except the southern coastline is varied from 40^o to 4^oN in intervals of 5.6^o. In the experiments with the coastline located to the north of 21^oN, no monsoon can be found in the subtropical zone. In contrast, a summer monsoon is simulated when the continent extends to the south of 21^oN. Meanwhile, the earlier onset and stronger intensity of the tropical summer monsoon are simulated with the southward extension of the tropical continent. The effects of zonal LSDs were investigated by including the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean into the model based on the meridional LSD run with the coastline located at 21^oN. The results indicate that the presence of a mid-latitude zonal LSD induces a strong zonal pressure gradient between the continent and ocean, which in turn results in the formation of an East Asian subtropical monsoon. The comparison of simulations with and without the Indian Peninsula and Indo-China Peninsula reveals that the presence of two peninsulas remarkably strengthens the southwesterly winds over South Asia due to the tropical asymmetric heating between the tropical land and sea. The tropical zonal LSD plays a crucial role in the formation of cumulus convection.