Predictable and Unpredictable Components of the Summer East Asia–Pacific Teleconnection Pattern

The East Asia–Pacific(EAP) teleconnection pattern is the dominant mode of circulation variability during boreal summer over the western North Pacific and East Asia, extending from the tropics to high latitudes. However, much of this pattern is absent in multi-model ensemble mean forecasts, characterized by very weak circulation anomalies in the mid and high latitudes. This study focuses on the absence of the EAP pattern in the extratropics, using state-of-the-art coupled seasonal forecast systems. The results indicate that the extratropical circulation is much less predictable, and lies in the large spread among different ensemble members, implying a large contribution from atmospheric internal variability. However,the tropical–mid-latitude teleconnections are also relatively weaker in models than observations, which also contributes to the failure of prediction of the extratropical circulation. Further results indicate that the extratropical EAP pattern varies closely with the anomalous surface temperatures in eastern Russia, which also show low predictability. This unpredictable circulation–surface temperature connection associated with the EAP pattern can also modulate the East Asian rainband.     

The Ocean Circulation of Chatham Sound,British Columbia,Canada: Results From Numerical Modelling Studies Using Historical Datasets

Chatham Sound, a semi-enclosed inland sea located off northern British Columbia, is an important waterway due to many proposed industrial activities related to the Port of Prince Rupert, along with its high levels of marine productivity. The oceanographic forcing in Chatham Sound is complex due to a combination of large tides, seasonally strong winds, and large freshwater discharges. Although much oceanographic data have been collected over the past six decades, past studies of the oceanographic regime of the full Chatham Sound area have been very limited. Using these extensive forcing datasets, high-resolution three-dimensional numerical modelling using the Coastal Circulation model for Sediment transport was conducted to investigate the tidal and wind-driven currents in the stratified waters of Chatham Sound. The numerical study shows the progression of the river-dominated lower salinity near-surface waters being advected northward, especially on the eastern side of Chatham Sound, with more saline waters on the western side of the Sound, especially in areas of exchanges with the waters of Hecate Strait through side channels. These surface circulation results are in good agreement with the large-scale representation of the outer diffuse Skeena River plume as seen in high-resolution Landsat satellite imagery. The model was operated over a representative year with four seasonal model runs. Southern Chatham Sound was found to be dominated by large tidal currents. Seasonal variations of residual flow were also investigated. Significant correlation between non-tidal current speeds and Skeena River discharges was found in the Skeena River delta area and through narrow tidal channels in southern Chatham Sound. In other offshore areas, non-tidal currents were found to be constrained near the surface and driven mainly by winds.     

基于环流和海温的稻曲病指数长期预报模型研究

稻曲病属于典型的"气象型"病害,为了提前预报出适宜稻曲病发生的气象等级与提供足够的防治准备时间,根据中长期天气预报原理,充分考虑大气环流和太平洋海温对区域气象条件影响的滞后性,利用近40 a的江苏逐日气象观测资料、大气环流指数和海温资料,采用空间拓扑原理和最优相关普查等统计方法,挑选出了对综合稻曲病指数影响最显著的预报因子,并通过滑动平均和主成分识别等检验方法确保预报因子的稳定性和独立性,最终分别建立了基于大气环流因子和基于海温因子的综合稻曲病指数长期预报模型。经过检验,两种模型的模拟效果均理想,能提前一个月预报出综合稻曲病指数以及对应的发病气象等级。     

冬季北太平洋大气低频环流的年际和年代际变化特征及其与大气环流和海温异常的联系

利用1979—2015年ECMWF逐日再分析资料,通过EOF分解和回归分析研究了冬季北太平洋大气低频环流的年际和年代际变化特征及其与海表面温度异常(SSTA)和大气环流异常之间的联系。研究结果表明:冬季中纬度北太平洋地区850 h Pa低频尺度环流存在3个明显的变化模态:第一模态为海盆尺度的单极型异常气旋(反气旋)式环流,同期太平洋SSTA呈现El Ni1o(La Ni1a)以及PDO暖位相(冷位相)空间分布,阿留申低压强度增强(减弱),对流层中高层是正位相(负位相)的PNA型遥相关,北太平洋天气尺度风暴轴中东部南压(北抬);第二模态为在白令海峡和副热带地区呈气旋式与反气旋式环流南北向偶极型变化,同时中纬度北太平洋SSTA呈现NPGO(North Pacific Gyre Oscillation)正位相(负位相)的空间分布,黑潮区域SSTA偏暖(偏冷),北太平洋SSTA经向梯度加大(减小),对流层中高层为负位相(正位相)的WP型遥相关,北太平洋天气尺度风暴轴整体偏北(偏南),强度增强(减弱);第三模态为北太平洋中西部和北美西岸呈气旋式与反气旋式环流东西向偶极型异常,黑潮区域SSTA偏冷(偏暖)而北太平洋东部SSTA偏暖(偏冷),SSTA纬向梯度加大(减弱),同时赤道东太平洋出现类似La Ni1a(El Ni1o)的SSTA分布,北太平洋天气尺度风暴轴中东部明显减弱(加强)而西部略有加强(减弱)。     

近40年海南岛冷冬气候特征及其成因分析

利用海南岛17个市、县近40年气象观测站逐月气温观测资料,参照《暖冬等级》国家标准,对海南岛异常冷冬事件的时空分布规律进行了分析。在此基础上,利用国家气候中心提供的74项环流指数以及1977—2017年NCEP/NCAR全球再分析格点资料、NOAA ERSST全球海表温度格点资料以及Nino3. 4指数和AO指数,对海南岛冷冬事件形成机制进行了研究。结果表明:海南岛冬季平均气温存在明显的年代际变化特征,近40年海南岛冷冬频发,共出现12次冷冬年。南部市、县发生冷冬的频次大于中部及北部,北部市、县冷冬发生的强度强于南部。海南岛冷冬形成原因主要是对流层大气环流异常,西伯利亚高压增强,东亚冬季风显著偏强,对应副热带高压偏弱、位置偏东,影响海南岛的冷空气更加活跃,使得海南岛冬季气温偏低。另外,南海海温较常年偏低,ENSO冷位相叠加AO指数正位相,有利于进一步诱发大气环流异常,促使海南岛冬季气温偏低,出现异常冷冬事件。     

VARIABILITY IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SEA TEMPERATURE VARIATION CONSIDERING THE BACKGROUND OF CLIMATE WARMING OVER THE PAST 60 YEARS

By adopting characteristic index data for the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) from the National Climate Center of China, U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sea surface temperature (SST) data, we studied the WPSH variability considering the background of climate warming by using a Gaussian filter, moving averages, correlation analysis, and synthetic analysis. Our results show that with climate warming over the past 60 years, significant changes in the WPSH include its enlarged area, strengthened intensity, westward extended ridge point and southward expanded southern boundary, as well as enhanced interannual fluctuations in all these indices. The western ridge point of the WPSH consistently varies with temperature changes in the Northern Hemisphere, but the location of the ridgeline varies independently. The intensity and area of the WPSH were both significantly increased in the late 1980s. Specifically, the western ridge point started to significantly extend westward in the early 1990s, and the associated interannual variability had a significant increase in the late 1990s; in addition, the ridgeline was swaying along the north-south-north direction, and the corresponding variability was also greatly enhanced in the late 1990s. With climate warming, the SST increase becomes more weakly correlated with the WPSH intensity enhancement but more strongly correlated with the westward extension of the ridge point in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific Ocean in winter, corresponding to an expanding WPSH in space. In the northern Pacific in winter, the SST decrease has a weaker correlation with the southerly location of the ridgeline but also a stronger correlation with the westward extension of the ridge point. In the tropical western Pacific in winter, the correlations of the SST decrease with the WPSH intensity enhancement, and the westward extension of the ridge point is strengthened. These observations can be explained by strengthened Hadley circulations, the dominant effects of the southward shift, and additional effects of the weakened ascending branch of the Walker circulation during warm climatological periods, which consequently lead to strengthened intensities, increased areas, and southward expansions of the WPSH in summer.     

宁夏夏季极端降水日数的变化规律及其成因

利用1961—2015年宁夏逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及NOAA海温资料,分析了宁夏夏季极端降水的变化规律及其成因。结果表明:1)55年来宁夏夏季极端降水日数呈微弱减少趋势,但变率在1994年发生了由大到小的气候突变。各月极端降水的变化存在差异:6月极端降水日数在1982年发生突变,突变后日数显著增多;7月极端降水日数呈微弱减少趋势;8月极端降水日数在1995年发生突变,突变后日数显著减少。2)500 h Pa高度场上6月中国华北—东北与西太平洋上的偶极型异常分布、8月西西伯利亚—蒙古—副热带地区的遥相关波列和EAP异常分布型以及700h Pa上宁夏6月偏东风增强和8月偏北风增强,是导致极端降水事件变化的直接原因。3)6月菲律宾附近海温偏高,有利于500 h Pa高度距平场形成华北—东北与西太平洋的"+-"偶极型异常分布;8月拉尼娜事件的发生,有利于我国呈现西低东高分布型,激发EAP遥相关波列,冷空气与水汽条件相配合,从而导致宁夏极端降水事件频发。     

Unprecedented Heatwave in Western North America during Late June of 2021: Roles of Atmospheric Circulation and Global Warming

An extraordinary and unprecedented heatwave swept across western North America(i.e., the Pacific Northwest) in late June of 2021, resulting in hundreds of deaths, a massive die-off of sea creatures off the coast, and horrific wildfires. Here,we use observational data to find the atmospheric circulation variabilities of the North Pacific and Arctic-Pacific-Canada patterns that co-occurred with the development and mature phases of the heatwave, as well as the North America pattern,which coincided ...     

1981－2020年沂沭河流域极端降水事件特征及环流背景

利用1981—2020年沂沭河流域内12个气象台站逐日降水观测资料,西太平洋副热带高压（西太副高）指数、太平洋年代际振荡指数（PDO）等资料以及NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,采用线性趋势分析、累积距平法联合滑动t检验、morlet小波分析、相关性分析、合成分析等方法,研究近40 a沂沭河流域极端降水事件的时空变化特征,并进一步研究极端降水指数与气候因子之间的相关性以及极端降水事件的异常环流背景。结果表明：沂沭河流域极端降水事件具有整体上增多且强度增强的特征,且近年来在频次和年极端降水量上波动峰间值增大,分别为6.2 d/a、538.2 mm/a,极端降水事件日趋严重。空间分布上南多北少,中部、北部较南部增速更明显。极端降水频次和年极端降水量均在1989年和2002年左右突增;极端降水强度在1989年突增,2000年左右突减。极端降水的频次、强度和年极端降水量分别以22 a、10 a和22 a的周期波动为主。西太副高的脊线位置跟频次和年极端降水量具有正相关性,PDO与频次和年极端降水量具有负相关性。东亚夏季风强度和西太副高的位置是影响沂沭河流域极端降水事件多寡的重要因子,在预测该流域的极端降水情况时可做参考依据。     

2021年10月山西一次罕见持续性强降水过程物理机制分析

利用气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料以及GDAS资料,对2021年10月2-7日山西持续性强降水天气过程进行分析。结果表明：稳定的乌拉尔山低槽后部冷空气扩散,中纬度短波槽东移,与副热带高压外围西南暖湿气流持续交汇,同时高低空急流耦合形成强烈上升运动,低层切变线和地面辐合线稳定维持,及低层水汽不断输送并形成辐合,为持续性强降水的发生发展提供有利动力和水汽条件。此次强降水过程分为对流性降水和稳定性降水2个阶段,2阶段水汽输送通道的源地、路径、高度均有明显差异,但水汽输送贡献率均以对流层中低层山西南侧的水汽输送占主导地位。降水开始前,对流层中上层存在对称不稳定,大气可降水量明显跃增;对流性降水阶段,干空气不断入侵,对流不稳定快速建立与释放,对流层中低层水汽辐合区与强上升气流配合,导致山西出现强对流天气。地形的阻挡、抬升及地形收缩作用,对局地极端强降水具有增幅作用。