Low-temperature alteration of oceanic island basalts and their contribution to transition metal circulation of the ocean

The major elements, rare earth elements （REE） and trace elements of four basalt samples from central and western Pacific ferro- manganese crust provinces have been analyzed using chemical methods and ICP - MS, respectively. The results indicate that the samples have been extensively altered and that the contents of their major elements have changed significantly. However, the similarity of REE partition patterns and trace element contents of basalt samples to those of fresh oceanic island basalts （OIB） indicate that the basalt samples originated as OIB. Because of low-temperature alteration, the contents of A1203 , Fe203 , MnO, K20 and P205 increased, while MgO and FeO decreased. Active components, such as magnesium and iron, were leached from OIB resulting in the relative enrichment of SiO2. The leaching of active components can cause the relative enrichment of REE, while the precipitation of LREE-rich ferromanganese oxides in vesicles and fissures not only causes an increase of REE contents, but also induces ＂fractionation＂ of LREE and HREE. Based on the enrichment mechanism of REE contents, the theoretical quantities of precipitated ferromanganese oxides and the depleted quantities of active components are calculated ： the depleted quantities of active components for the unit mass of fresh basalts vary in the range of 0.15 ～ 0. 657, and the precipitated quantities of ferromanganese oxides for the unit mass of fresh basahs vary in the range of 0. 006 ～ 0. 042. Of the major elements, the two most depleted are iron, and magnesium, with 18.28% ～ 70.95% of iron and 44.50% ～ 93.94% of magnesium in the fresh basalts was leached out. Theoretical calculation and geochemistry results both indicate that low-temperature alteration of basalts can supply abundant amount of metals to seawater, and may play an important role in ocean metal circulation.     

Argo floats revealing bimodality of large-scale mid-depth circulation in the North Atlantic

Analysis of Argo float trajectories at 1 000 m and temperature at 950 m in the North Atlantic between November 2003 and January 2005 demonstrates the existence of two different circulation modes with fast transition between them. Each mode has a pair of cyclonic - anticyclonic gyres. The difference is the location of the cyclonic gyre. The cyclonic gyre stretches from southeast to northwest in the first mode and from the southwest to the northeast in the second mode. The observed modes strongly affect the heat and salt transport in the North Atlantic. In particular, the second mode slows down the westward transport of the warm and saline water from the Mediterranean Sea.     

东秦岭造山带核部杂岩水热系统演化机制

东秦岭造山带核部杂岩，在高温高压环境下曾出现大量流体，由溶解作用产生的流体在变形分解带内运移，形成古水热循环系统，该水热系统使岩石中如铀等大离子富集成矿，水岩相互作用造成秦岭杂岩中稀土元素四重分布效应．     

国外河口水文研究的动向

近十多年来,随着河口水文要素监测技术的现代化,物理和数学模型的不断完善,有力地推进了河口水文学的发展。本文从研究内容和研究方法两个方面对国外河口水文研究的动向进行了分析,着重介绍河口环流、河口锋、河口最大浑浊带研究的进展,并对现场观测、物理模型和数学模型等三种研究方法进行评价,可为发展具有我国特色的河口水文学提供借鉴。     

Particulate matter exchange across a Rjord sill

Recent studies have indicated the existence of a considerably higher planktonic biomass in the deep waters of the Saguenay Fjord as compared to corresponding depths in the adjacent St Lawrence Estuary on the other side of a shallow sill. The hypothesis that has been put forward to explain this phenomenon is related to the advection of near surface estuarine waters, at times very rich in particulate matter, over the entrance sill into the deeper waters of the fjord. Mixing processes associated with the development of a density flow, the presence of a hydraulic jump or other mechanisms are assumed to be responsible for the common occurrence of lower density subsurface water within the basin as compared to that penetrating over the sill.The exchange processes between the estuary and the fjord are described and an estimate made of the estuarine water volume that penetrates into the lower layer of the fjord over a semidiurnal tide cycle. From these calculations, the replacement time for the outer basin was estimated to range between one and four days. The biological characteristics of this water were used to establish a budget for particulate matter exchange which showed, in early August, a typical net input of ? 188 t of particulate organic carbon into the deep waters of the fjord over one tide cycle.     

孔底可变正反循环钻进取心工具的探讨

针对多金属矿床中的地层存在硬、脆、碎和相间频繁出现的特点,施工中为有效地避免和减少提、下钻变换钻进取心工具所耗费的时间,增加回次进尺长度和钻进取心效能,探讨了同回次孔底可变正反循环钻进取心工具,以实现钻进效率和取心质量同步提高。     

天津城市热岛效应对海风(锋)环流影响的数值模拟试验

利用中尺度数值天气模式TJ-WRF,通过对发生在天津城区的局地雷暴天气个例进行模拟,重点通过改变模式中下垫面土地利用类型进行敏感性模拟试验,研究天津城市热岛对海风(锋)环流强度及移动速度等的影响。结果表明:不同土地利用类型城市下垫面造成的城市热岛效应不同,当城市周边郊区下垫面土地类型改为城市建筑用地时,城市热岛效应更加明显且影响范围明显扩大;当城市下垫面改为旱作农地和牧场时,天津城区附近没有出现城市热岛效应。当海风(锋)环流向城区方向移动还未到城区附近时,城市热岛对其有明显加强和加速作用,城市热岛效应越明显其对海风(锋)环流的加强和加速作用越明显,海风(锋)环流移动加快的速度比没有城市热岛时快9.3km·h~(-1)。当海风(锋)环流移动到城区附近时与城市热岛环流相遇,海风(锋)环流受到城市热岛环流阻挡其移速又迅速减慢,其后侧气流南、北分支绕流和向上爬升现象变得明显,两环流相遇叠加后辐合上升运动也明显加强;城市热岛效应越明显其对海风(锋)环流的阻挡作用越明显,海风(锋)环流的移动速度减慢得越多,两环流相遇叠加后的辐合上升运动就越强。另外在向城区移动过程中,海风(锋)环流会使其经过地区低层空气增湿降温,但其后侧湿空气层厚度会因城市热岛效应的存在而明显减小;城市热岛效应越明显,海风(锋)环流后侧湿空气层厚度减小得越明显。     

北京地区局地环流观测分析

应用2008—2015年逐时自动气象站观测资料,分析了北京地区局地风场的分布特点及季节性变化。结果表明:(1)北京地区局地风场受山谷风和城市热岛环流的共同影响,风速主要沿地形梯度分布。西部、北部高海拔山地风速较大,平原地带风速相对较小。平均而言,东西方向的局地风强度约为0.16m·s~(-1),南北方向的局地风强度约为0.07m·s~(-1)。(2)局地风速在季节分布上以夏季为最大,冬季为最小。其日变化为双峰型结构,于每日09及16时左右达到峰值区。(3)局地风速的u、v分量在正(负)距平的维持时长、日振幅值上存在较明显的差异。低层风场在午后到前半夜以东南风为主,后半夜开始到正午前则以西北风为主。     

2017年12月大气环流和天气分析

2017年12月大气环流的主要特征如下：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,欧亚中高纬环流呈两槽一脊型;南支槽位于70°E 附近,较常年同期偏西,副热带高压位置偏西,不利于水汽向我国中东部地区输送。12月,全国平均降水量为5.9 mm,比常年同期（10.8 mm）偏少44.8%,我国北方大部分地区降水量较常年同期偏少4~8成。全国平均气温-2.2℃,较常年同期（-3.2℃）偏高1℃;受偏强东北低涡影响,东北地区和内蒙古中东部气温较常年同期偏低1~3℃。月内,冷空气活动频繁,但强度较弱,出现5次一般强度冷空气过程。受频繁冷空气影响,雾 霾天气较常年同期偏少,仅28—30日出现一次大范围持续性雾 霾天气。     

2017年春季南疆中部两次强降水天气环流配置及干冷空气侵入特征对比

本文利用常规观测资料、加密自动站资料、NCEP再分析资料对比分析2017年4月14日("4·14"过程)和2017年5月1—2日("5·1"过程)南疆中部巴州地区强降水过程,探讨春季强降水天气动力学异同。结果表明:春季强降水发生在副热带西风急流活跃,伊朗副热带高压向北伸展,地面冷锋活动,高低空为急流锋区配置背景中。水汽源地位于东经40°的阿拉伯海—里海附近,沿西方路径进入新疆,在有利风场条件下汇合至巴州地区,高低空急流耦合形成次级垂直环流,干冷空气多方向侵入增强春季降水强度。主要差异在于"4·14"过程是副热带西风急流异常北跳、影响系统西风带短波槽、冷空气西方路径,"5·1"过程则是极锋急流与副热带西风急流汇合、深厚长波槽系统、冷空气西北路径;"4·14"过程是典型急流锋区降水伴有对流性降水,强降水发生时形成两支次级环流圈,3股干冷空气从不同方向向中低层气旋性环流附近汇合激发了另一支低层中尺度次级垂直环流圈的建立;"5·1"过程是典型急流冷锋降水,高空干冷空气在垂直方向向下入侵触发和增强冷锋降水,形成了一支完整强大的次级垂直环流圈造成巴州大范围的系统性降水。