农牧交错带湿地信息提取技术研究——以多伦县大仓乡为例

农牧交错地带地类复杂,混合像元现象严重,湿地信息的自动提取难度较大.针对该区湿地遥感信息提取的特点和难点,选取多伦县大仓乡地区的TM遥感数据,先采用NDVI阈值提取出水体,并利用水体形状特征(如面积s、周长p、形状指数k等)对水体类型进行提取;再尝试应用线性光谱混合模型( LSMM)提取去除水体后的湿地信息,并以SPO...     

Forest–savanna–morichal dynamics in relation to fire and human occupation in the southern Gran Sabana (SE Venezuela) during the last millennia

The southern Gran Sabana (SE Venezuela) holds a particular type of neotropical savanna characterized by the local occurrence of morichales (Mauritia palm swamps), in a climate apparently more suitable for rain forests. We present a paleoecological analysis of the last millennia of Lake Chonita (4°39′N–61°0′W, 884 m elevation), based on biological and physico-chemical proxies. Savannas dominated the region during the last millennia, but a significant vegetation replacement occurred in recent times. The site was covered by a treeless savanna with nearby rainforests from 3640 to 2180 cal yr BP. Water levels were higher than today until about 2800 cal yr BP. Forests retreated since about 2180 cal yr BP onwards, likely influenced by a higher fire incidence that facilitated a dramatic expansion of morichales. The simultaneous appearance of charcoal particles and Mauritia pollen around 2000 cal yr BP supports the potential pyrophilous nature of this palm and the importance of fire for its recent expansion. The whole picture suggests human settlements similar to today – in which fire is an essential element – since around 2000 yr ago. Therefore, present-day southern Gran Sabana landscapes seem to have been the result of the synergy between biogeographical, climatic and anthropogenic factors, mostly fire.     

现浇透水性生态混凝土在河道边坡工程中的应用

针对传统护坡工程方法在河道边坡工程生态环境保护和修复方面的缺陷,提出了新型现浇透水性生态混凝土护坡技法,优化设计了该技法组成材料,并对生态混凝土的耐久性、植生能力和净水性能进行了综合分析。通过该技法在泰州周山河河道边坡生态治理工程中的实际应用,认为所提出的现浇透水性生态混凝土护坡技法不仅能充分保证护坡工程的安全性,还可维持和改善周边生态环境与生态系统。     

地表覆盖对坡面流流速影响的模拟试验

植被覆盖对坡面流流速的影响,会引起坡面输沙特征的改变,但在陡坡条件下盖度与流速的响应关系尚不明确.针对目前国内外研究的不足,本研究采用变坡实验水槽在较大坡度(5°～ 25°)、流量(0.25 ～2 L/s)和盖度(0％～25％)范围内,系统研究了坡面流平均流速与盖度、坡度、流量之间的关系.结果表明:坡面流流速在0.15～ 1.35 m/s内变化,流速与盖度、坡度和流量关系密切.随着地表模拟盖度的增加,水流克服覆盖物的阻碍作用而消耗的能量越多,水流流速随之减小.随着坡度和流量的增加,坡面流重力势能与水流动能增加,因此流速随坡度和流量呈幂函数增加.通过统计回归发现,盖度对流速的影响最大,占45％左右,坡度和流量次之.三个因子可以较好模拟陡坡、定床条件下水流流速(R2 =0.93).研究结果有助于认识陡坡地表覆盖下坡面流的水动力学特性,为建立土壤侵蚀过程模型提供理论基础.     

喀斯特城市植被覆盖度时空变化对地表温度的影响

随着桂林喀斯特城市的快速扩展、地表植被覆盖度的变化,城市热岛现象越来越明显。以桂林1989-2006年5景TM/ETM遥感图像为数据源,利用遥感归一化植被指数反演植被覆盖度Pv,利用Qin单窗算法反演地表温度ts,分析Pv空间和时间变化对ts的影响。结果表明,在空间上ts随Pv的提高而降低,呈明显负相关关系。在时间上Pv<0.2面积比例逐年增加,1989年7.8%、1991年15.2%、2000年20.7%、2005年21.1%、2006年22.7%;而Pv≥0.7面积比例逐年减少,1989年49.2%、1991年27.4%、2000年27%、2005年16.5%、2006年11.1%。其导致地表温度高于茂密林地表面温度的比率z>20%的高温像元比例逐年上升;而z≤10%的低温像元比例逐年下降,1989年28.9%、1991年25.4%、2000年23.7%、2005年22.2%、2006年20.4%。植被覆盖的喀斯特山峰呈现显著的凉岛现象,从而调节喀斯特城市气候环境。     

Application of a vessel monitoring system to advance sustainable fisheries management—Benefits received in Taiwan

Vessel monitoring systems (VMS) are considered important instruments for fisheries monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) to reverse the current depressed state of the world’s fisheries, and have been mandated worldwide by fishery management agencies. The essential function of the system is to provide near-real time vessel position; the potential applications could, however, be more than that. This study explores the additional benefits, with practical examples, that Taiwan has received from implementing the system: in improving the quantity and quality of logbooks recovered, obtaining access to fishery-independent fishing effort estimates and prompt catch/effort reporting, enabling the possibility of regional management and understanding of both fleet dynamics and vessel behavior, and increasing efficiency of vessel safety protection. For other distant-water fishing nations, Taiwan’s experiences serve to demonstrate how the application of VMS technology can advance sustainable fisheries management.     

Spatial and temporal variations in C3 and C4 plant abundance over the Chinese Loess Plateau since the last glacial maximum

Stable carbon isotopes of soil organic matter from 12 sites in the southern Chinese Loess Plateau are reviewed to examine spatial and temporal patterns of C₃ and C₄ plants in the arid to semiarid monsoonal region during three key periods - last glacial maximum, mid-Holocene, and modern. We have tentatively corrected the effects of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and precipitation amounts on the δ¹³C endmembers for C₃ plants to reconstruct the relative proportion of C₄ plants because the δ¹³C values of C₃ plants are variable under different CO₂ and climate conditions. The results indicate that C₄ grasses increase from northwest to southeast spatially, which is consistent with present-day increasing precipitation and temperature patterns. This suggests that for a monsoon-dominant arid to semiarid region, such as the Loess Plateau, warm-season rainfall is a primary factor limiting C₄ plants growth, and thus C₄ grasses have been outcompeted by C₃ grasses/shrubs under cold-dry climate conditions. However, temporal fluctuations in atmospheric CO₂ concentration may also affect plant growth through altering water-use efficiency (WUE). Enhanced drought caused by decreased WUE due to low atmospheric CO₂ concentrations during glacial periods, combined with a cold-dry climate, leads to a decline in C₄ grasses, canceling out any advantages gained from lowered atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. To reconstruct accurately the abundance of C₃ and C₄ plants in an ecosystem and explore their controlling factors, process-based vegetation models integrating CO₂ and climatic parameters interactive with plant physiology are necessary.     

Desertification in the Sahel: Towards better accounting for ecosystem dynamics in the interpretation of remote sensing images

To date, the interpretation of remote sensing images has not revealed wide-spread degradation of the vegetation in the Sahel. However, the interpretation of spectral information depends on a range of assumptions regarding the dynamics of the Sahelian vegetation as a function of rainfall variability and human management. Recent papers have presented diverging views on the vegetation dynamics of the Sahel and how these can be analysed with remote sensing images. We present a further analysis of the vegetation dynamics of semi-arid rangelands, in particular the Sahel, and the subsequent implications for the interpretation of remote sensing images. Specifically, the ecological processes driving the response of the Sahelian vegetation to rainfall variation are re-examined, and a regression analysis of NPP versus rainfall data is carried out. It is shown that the relation between the interannual variation in NPP and rainfall in the Sahel is non-linear and that this relation differs between sites with different average annual rainfall. It has been common practise in remote sensing studies for the Sahel to aggregate data from various Sahelian sites in order to obtain an average relation between rainfall, NPP and Rain Use Efficiency, and to assume these relations to be linear. This paper shows that this approach may lead to a bias in the interpretation of remote sensing images and that further work is required to clarify if wide-spread ecosystem degradation has occurred in the Sahel.     

干旱区典型绿洲地表温度与植被覆盖度相关性研究

 绿洲空间热环境的研究是深入了解绿洲-沙漠间,以及绿洲内部物质能量流动机理的重要手段。利用TM/ETM+遥感影像反演了于田地区地表温度以及植被覆盖度,在统计地表温度-植被覆盖度二维散点图的基础上,研究不同结构区域下绿洲地表温度与植被覆盖度的相关关系。结果表明:①于田地区地表温度与植被覆盖度呈显著负相关关系,相关系数在-0.79158和-0.48816范围之间。②从1991年到2002年,于田绿洲内部区域地表温度与植被覆盖度散点图上各点分布由密集到分散,表明原有相对整体的植被覆盖地块被打散,成为多种土地类型交错的破碎化地块。③外部荒漠带及绿洲与荒漠交错带区域地表温度与植被覆盖度散点图上各点分布由分散到集中,表明绿洲外部荒漠化程度的逐年加剧,导致了绿洲外围植被覆盖有所降低,植被物种单一,植被多样性也呈现下降趋势。     

Landscape Controls on Structural Variation in Eucalypt Vegetation Communities: Woronora Plateau,Australia

Quantification of landscape-based vegetation structural variation and pattern is a significant goal for a variety of ecological, monitoring and biodiversity studies. Vegetation structural metrics, derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS or aerial light detection and ranging—LiDAR) and QuickBird satellite imagery, were used to establish the degree of plot-based vegetation variation at a hillslope scale. Topographic position is an indicator of energy and water availability, and was quantified using DEM-based insolation and topographic wetness, respectively, stratifying areas into hot-warm-cold and wet-moist-dry topographic classes. A range of vegetation metrics—maximum and modal canopy height, crown cover, foliage cover, NDVI and semivariance—were compared among randomly selected plots from each topographic class. NDVI increases with increasing landscape wetness, whereas ALS-derived foliage cover decreases with increasing insolation. Foliage cover is well correlated with crown cover (R ² =0.65), and since foliage cover is readily calculable for whole-of-landscape application, it will provide valuable and complementary information to NDVI. Between-plot heterogeneity increases with increasing wetness and decreasing insolation, indicating that more sampling is required in these locations to capture the full range of landscape-based variability. Pattern analysis in landscape ecology is one of the fundamental requirements of landscape ecology, and the methods described here offer statistically significant, quantifiable and repeatable means to realise that goal at a fine spatial grain.