Improved initial sampling for the ensemble Kalman filter

In this paper, we discuss several possible approaches to improving the performance of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) through improved sampling of the initial ensemble. Each of the approaches addresses a different limitation of the standard method. All methods, however, attempt to make the results from a small ensemble as reliable as possible. The validity and usefulness of each method for creating the initial ensemble is based on three criteria: (1) does the sampling result in unbiased Monte Carlo estimates for nonlinear flow problems, (2) does the sampling reduce the variability of estimates compared to ensembles of realizations from the prior, and (3) does the sampling improve the performance of the EnKF? In general, we conclude that the use of dominant eigenvectors ensures the orthogonality of the generated realizations, but results in biased forecasts of the fractional flow of water. We show that the addition of high frequencies from remaining eigenvectors can be used to remove the bias without affecting the orthogonality of the realizations, but the method did not perform significantly better than standard Monte Carlo sampling. It was possible to identify an appropriate importance weighting to reduce the variance in estimates of the fractional flow of water, but it does not appear to be possible to use the importance weighted realizations in standard EnKF when the data relationship is nonlinear. The biggest improvement came from use of the pseudo-data with corrections to the variance of the actual observations.     

协因数阵秩亏时扩建网极大条件密度估计的精度

作者曾〔3〕推导了当联系参数函数不独立时,扩建网极大条件密度估计的等价法方程和参数的协因数矩阵。在其基础上,本文作者继续推导单位权方差因子的估计公式。     

亚澳季风区水汽收支时空分布特征

用1980～1989年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料计算了亚澳季风区视水汽汇并分析了其水汽收支时空分布特征。结果表明,该研究范围水汽收支的典型空间分布型为南北型,即南半球澳大利亚季风区与北半球亚洲季风区相反的分布形势,而且这种分布形势有明显的季节变化。冬季北半球亚洲季风区为水汽源,110～135 E之间大陆桥附近、80 E附近及40～50 E之间的三支越赤道水汽输送通道将北半球水汽输送到南半球澳大利亚季风区及南印度洋,成为水汽汇,夏季南半球澳大利亚季风区和南印度洋为水汽源,上述三支越赤道水汽输送通道实现与夏季反向的水汽输送,将水汽由南半球输送到北半球亚洲季风区,此时亚洲季风区为水汽汇。春季和秋季赤道辐合带为主要的水汽汇,亚澳季风区无明显越赤道水汽输送。     

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOISTURE BUDGETS OVER ASIAN AND AUSTRALIAN MONSOON REGIONS

Apparent moisture sink and water vapor transport flux are calculated by using NCAR/NCEP reanalyzed daily data for water vapor and wind fields at various levels from 1980 to 1989. With the aid of EOF analysis method, temporal and spatial characteristics of moisture budgets over Asian and Australian monsoon regions are studied. The results show that there is apparent seasonal transition of moisture sink and water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region. In winter, the Asian monsoon region is a moisture source, in which three cross-equatorial water vapor transport channels in the "continent bridge". at 80°E and 40°E ～ 50°E transport water vapor to the Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean which are moisture sinks. In summer, Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean are moisture sources and by the three cross-equatorial transport channels water vapor is transport to the Asian monsoon region which is a moisture sink. In spring and autumn, ITCZ is the main moisture sink and there is no apparent water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.     

青藏高原东坡理塘地区近地层湍流特征研究

利用中国气象局成都高原气象研究所在青藏高原东坡理塘地区建立的大气综合观测站观测资料, 以2006年1月和7月涡旋相关资料分别代表冬季和夏季, 分析和比较了该地区近地层包括风速、 风向、 大气稳定度在内的平均场特征, 以及湍流强度、 无量纲化风脉动方差相似性和地表通量变化特征,结果表明, 1月和7月稳定度基本集中在±0.5和±0.25之间; 湍流在<2 m·s-1的风速环境中发展最为旺盛, 随着风速的增大湍流强度减小迅速; 无量纲化三维风脉动方差符合Monin-Obukhov相似理论的“1/3”定律, 其最佳通用相似函数在稳定和不稳定条件下都可以拟合得到; 地表通量均表现出明显的日变化特征, 1月以感热为主, 潜热很小; 7月以潜热为主, 感热较小。     

东亚季风湿润区水分收支的气候特征

采用1958-2007年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,分别从水汽通量、水汽通量散度以及区域内降水量与蒸发量差计算东亚季风湿润区的水分收支,分析其差异特征,结果表明:用不同方法计算的水分收支距平年际变化的相关系数分别为0.91,0.71和0.81,误差ε百分率分别为17.4%,44.1%和44%,其中利用水汽通量和散度计算得到的季风湿润区水分收支结果很接近。总体上看,整个区域全年表现为水分收入,春季和夏季的水分收入贡献最大,秋季和冬季贡献较小。在水汽经向输送中,南边界为主要的水汽输入区。从水汽输送计算的水分收支垂直分布来看,多年平均气候态下整个区域除850 hPa存在水分支出外,其余各层均为水分收入,3种方法计算的水分收支在4个季节的年际变化明显。     

1960-2009年辽宁冬季风寒温度时空变化特征

基于1960-2009年辽宁省52个气象站气象资料,采用风寒温度计算公式和适合辽宁地区的分级标准并分类,得出50 a历年各类别风寒温度日数。使用旋转经验正交分解法（REOF）,分别针对各类别风寒温度日数进行区域划分,并分析了其空间分布和变化趋势。结果表明：辽宁省可按4个风寒温度类别分别分区,凉爽至轻度风寒可分为4个区域,而轻度、中度及重度风寒可分为3个区域;辽宁省辽东半岛五个地市所在地理区域为易患风寒日数最少的地域,辽宁北部、东北部五个地市为易患风寒日数最多的地域;辽宁地区各风寒类别所在划分区域的日数变化相位基本一致;年平均易患风寒日数总体变化趋势是在1986年发生一次突变,在1960-1985年相对偏多,1986-2009年相对偏少。     

Development of a diatom-based model for inferring total phosphorus in southeastern Australian water storages

Diatom-based transfer functions for inferring epilimnetic total phosphorus (TP) have been developed from a data set of 33 southeastern Australian water storages. Regular institutional monitoring of these sites has allowed comparison of models developed from TP data covering different time periods. A model based on mean annual TP performs better than models derived from winter maximum TP, spring minimum TP or TP nearest the time of diatom sampling. A mean annual TP model (WA-PLS 2 component) has a jack-knifed diatom-inferred versus measured TP correlation coefficient (r ² _jack) of 0.69 and a root-mean-square-error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.246 log₁₀g TP l^–1, while alternative models have RMSEP > 0.27. Deletion of two samples with uncharacteristic species composition and environmental conditions improved performance of the mean annual TP model (r ² _jack= 0.74; RMSEP = 0.233 log₁₀g TP l^–1). Comparison with other published diatom-TP calibration models indicates that this model performs relatively well, with possible contributing factors including the extensive characterisation of TP (with an average 15 determinations making up the annual mean) and the dominance of planktonic diatoms in most sites. Downcore application of the model will allow the reconstruction of reservoir nutrient histories since commissioning, and thus provide a basis for understanding and management of reservoirs.     

天津港地区土层剖面随机场特征参数的估计

天然地基或人工地基在形成过程中,不同位置的土由于成因相似,其物理力学特性指标具有空间自相关性,这种空间自相关性可以用随机场理论进行研究。为估计天津港地区土体物理力学性质的空间随机场特性,采用了现场钻孔取样、静力触探等方法获取了大量的描述土体物理力学性质的参数。由于静力触探试验能够连续取样以获得足够多的数据来进行随机场分析,文章主要应用静探数据检验了该地区土性指标的平稳性和各态历经性,指出应用Vanmarcke的随机场模型对土性指标进行分析具有可行性。本文的创新点在于探讨了天津港地区随机场模型的建立方法并应用改进的完全不相关距离方法估计了天津港地区典型土层剖面的随机场特征参数。为随机场理论应用于天津港地区岩土工程可靠度分析打下了坚实的基础。相同的方法可用于其他地区土层随机场特征参数的估计。     

背景误差水平相关结构对四维变分资料同化的影响研究

为考察GRAPES全球四维变分同化(4DVar)的分析增量在谱空间的时间演变特征,分析当同化时间窗起始时刻与终止时刻背景误差水平相关特征明显不一致时对分析与预报造成的影响,对GRAPES全球4DVar的背景误差水平相关采用二阶自回归模型(SOAR)、集合资料同化生成扰动样本估计的水平相关模型以及基于这两者的背景误差谱空间融合模型进行比较。结果表明,SOAR的分析增量在20波以上的天气尺度波动的分析信息明显不足,而将集合资料同化样本所计算的水平相关的功率谱方差与SOAR功率谱方差进行融合,水平相关特征呈现出多尺度水平相关的特点,可以更好地吸纳观测信息,显著改善北半球形势场、温度与风场预报效果,南半球也有改善,对赤道地区的影响中性。表明研究发展的融合水平相关方案合理、实用。