GPS气象观测应用的研究进展与展望

GPS(Global Position System)是美国第二代卫星导航系统。它的出现带来了当今世界上军事、民用导航技术的全面革新,在许多科学研究领域得到了极为重要的应用。同样地,在气象科学研究和业务应用方面也展示了广阔的前景。地基和空基的GPS气象探测已被看成为支持21世纪WMO计划的一种新的全球综合高空观测系统。美国气象学会第78届年会有不少相关研究报告,集中反映了欧美GPS气象应用的开发研究最新进展,可概括为以下3方面:(1)由UCAR(University Corporation for Atmospheric Research)主持的GPS/气象学(GPS/MET)计划已经取得了成功。1995年4月3日发射了一颗低轨卫星(ML-1),利用低轨卫星对GPS卫星进行掩星观测,可以获得5～45km高度范围内高分辨率的温度廓线(误差1～2℃)以及在5km高度以下大气层的温度分布已知的条件下(精确到2℃),确定这一层中水汽压垂直分布。更具吸引力的应用是将大气折射率或射线偏转角这些基本物理量直接同化到高分辨率的全球或中尺度天气预报模式中去,以提高预报的准确性。只要发射8颗低轨卫星,总费用约1亿美元,便可以为天气业务预报？     

包头地区2008年7月30—31日大到暴雨天气过程分析

基于常规的天气资料和卫星云图,利用天气学原理,分析了2008年7月30—31日发生在包头地区的大到暴雨降水特征,总结出一些具有物理意义的降水预报指标,为今后预报提供可靠的依据。     

一次华西秋季大暴雨的水汽分析

通过对1998年9月15～17日四川盆地北部、西部大暴雨过程的水汽分析,得出几点认识,在这次暴雨过程中,(1)对流层低层的主要水汽源是在南海,东海、孟加拉湾也有水汽输送;对流层中上部有从印度洋输送到青藏高原,再伸展到四川盆地的水汽。(2)在对流层低层有较强的水汽辐合,反映了这次暴雨是在深厚的水汽层内且低层有较强水汽辐合中产生的。(3)暴雨强度的变化与对流层中上部印度洋水汽输送到高原上空与否密切相关,印度洋水汽输送到(撤离)高原上空对华西暴雨发展(减弱)有指示意义。     

山东七宝山隐爆角砾岩型Cu-Au矿床流体包裹体及成矿流体演化特征

山东七宝山隐爆角砾岩型Cu-Au矿床位于郯庐断裂带东侧,矿体主要赋存在七宝山杂岩体中。通过显微学观察,发现在深部蚀变斑岩的重结晶石英斑晶中发现了含子晶包裹体(Type 1型),同时伴生有气相(Type 2型)和富气相水溶液(Type 3型)包裹体。浅部矿坑石英脉中的流体包裹体主要为气液两相包裹体,并对较为发育的石英晶柱进行了详细的阴极发光特征和显微学观察研究。从其根部到末端可以划分为三个期次,其中第一期次石英环带中主要发育富液相包裹体(Type4型),另外还发育少量的负晶形气液两相包裹体(Type 5型),第二期石英环带中主要发育Type 5型包裹体,第三期石英环带中主要发育形态各异的气液两相包裹体(Type 6型)。显微测温结果显示,Type 1型包裹体均表现为子晶熔化均一特征,均一温度介于375~450℃之间,计算获得的盐度为43.8%~52.2%NaC leqv;Type 3型包裹体表现为临界均一特征,均一温度介于347~420℃之间,估算盐度为0.8%~7.1%NaC leqv;Type 4,5和6型包裹体均均一至液相,均一温度分别为221~327℃、199~379℃以及109~193℃,相应的盐度为2.4%~7.8%NaC leqv、10.2%~16.8%NaC leqv以及0.3%~4.0%NaC leqv。热力学计算获得Type 1型包裹体均一压力为623.46~1111.82bar,平均855.70bar。Type 3型包裹体均一压力范围为139.18~362.47bar,平均为250.70bar。由此可以认为,尽管富气相包裹体和含子晶包裹体共存,并且具备相近的均一温度范围,但是压力相差极为明显,所以这种共存特征并不能表征流体沸腾作用。根据前人实验研究结果,本文认为Type 2和3型包裹体代表了斑岩体结晶早期由于上覆地层隐爆而导致的压力降低条件下分异出来的流体,由于角砾岩筒后续固结引起压力增加,由Type 1型含子晶包裹体所代表的高盐度流体逐渐从成矿岩体中分异出来。当这两种流体沿裂隙通道向上运动时,被同期石英包裹体捕获而共存。这部分流体代表了深部斑岩成矿系统的流体。根据H-O-S同位素研究,Type 4和5包裹体主要来自岩浆流体,并且在后期经历了大气降水的混合,形成了Type 6型流体。这部分流体则代表了浅成热液系统的流体。由于Type 3和4型包裹体均为岩浆成因流体,两者盐度范围一致(5.0%~7.0%NaC leqv),并且随着温度的下降,密度演化趋势明显,从0.4101增加至0.8816g/cm3。本文认为代表斑岩系统的深部富气相成矿流体在向上逃逸过程中由于压力扰动而在超临界区域内发生相态收缩,随着温度下降形成了富液相成矿流体,转变为浅成热液系统的流体,在此过程中不会发生流体沸腾。由于Cu和Au易于被HS-络合而在气相中运移,并且液相流体之间的混合能力较强,所以当含金的富气相流体收缩成富液相流体时,可以与浅部的天然降水或者富Fe流体发生任意比例的混合,导致了Cu和Au的卸载成矿,这应该是七宝山Cu-Au矿化主要的成矿机制,但是不排除由于温度和压力的下降而引发的金属矿物沉淀成矿。     

2000年夏季河南大暴雨的预报特征

以 2 0 0 0年 7月河南省 10站以上连成片、日雨量≥ 10 0mm且降水中心日雨量 >2 0 0mm的 4次大暴雨过程为样本 ,从天气形势、水汽条件、不稳定度和中小尺度等方面进行了分析 ,并辅以部分物理量计算 ,进而揭示出大暴雨过程的部分预报特征     

The physical and chemical evolution of low-salinity magmatic fluids at the porphyry to epithermal transition: a thermodynamic study

Fluid-phase relationships and thermodynamic reaction modelling based on published mineral solubility data are used to re-assess the Cu–Au-mineralising fluid processes related to calc-alkaline magmatism. Fluid inclusion microanalyses of porphyry ore samples have shown that vapour-like fluids of low to intermediate salinity and density (~2–10 wt% NaCl eq.; ~0.1–0.3 g cm^–3) can carry percentage-level concentrations of copper and several ppm gold at high temperature and pressure. In epithermal deposits, aqueous fluids of similar low to intermediate salinity but liquid-like density are ubiquitous and commonly show a magmatic isotope signature. This paper explores the physical evolution of low-salinity to medium-salinity magmatic fluids of variable density, en route from their magmatic source through the porphyry regime to the near-surface epithermal environment, and investigates the chemical conditions required for effective transport of gold and other components from the magmatic to the epithermal domain. Multicomponent reaction modelling guided by observations of alteration zonation and vein overprinting relationships predicts that epithermal gold deposits are formed most efficiently by a specific succession of processes during the evolution of a gradually cooling magmatic–hydrothermal system. (1) The low-salinity to medium-salinity fluid, after separating from the magma and possibly condensing out some hypersaline liquid in the high-temperature porphyry environment, must physically separate from the denser and more viscous liquid, and then cool within the single-phase fluid stability field. By cooling under adequate confining pressure, such a vapour will evolve above the critical curve and contract, without any heterogeneous phase change, to an aqueous liquid of the same salinity. (2) High concentrations of gold, transported as stable Au bisulphide complexes supporting >1 ppm Au even at 200°C, can be maintained throughout cooling, provided that the fluid initially carries an excess of H₂S over Cu+Fe on a molal scale. This condition is favoured by an initially high sulphide content in a particularly low-salinity magmatic fluid, or by preferential partitioning of sulphur into a low-salinity vapour and partial removal of Fe into a hypersaline liquid at high temperature. (3) Acid neutralisation further optimises gold transport by maximising the concentration of the HS^– ligand. This may occur by feldspar destructive alteration along pyrite±chalcopyrite±sulphate veins, in the transition zone between the porphyry and epithermal environments. An alternative acid/base control is the dissolution of calcite in sediments, which may enable long-distance gold transport to Carlin-type deposits, because of the positive feedback between acid neutralisation and permeability generation. The three physical and chemical transport requirements for high-grade epithermal gold mineralisation are suggested to be the common link of epithermal gold deposits to underlying magmatic–hydrothermal systems, including porphyry-Cu–Au deposits. Both mineralisation types are the result of gradual retraction of isotherms around cooling hydrous plutons in similar tectonic and hydrologic environments. As magmatic fluid is generated at increasing depths below the surface the importance of vapour contraction increases, leading to the typical overprinting of potassic, phyllic and advanced argillic alteration and their related ore styles.Editorial handling: B. Lehmann     

Micrometeorological measurements and vapour pressure deficit relations under in-field rainwater harvesting

In a cropped field, microclimate and thermal stability conditions depend on the canopy structures and the prevailing weather. The main aim of the study therefore was to characterize the vertical profiles of weather variables within and above a maize (Zea mays L.) canopy and to describe the water vapour pressure deficit (VPD) under different atmospheric and soil surface conditions for both wide and narrow runoff strips with the in-field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) system. Micrometeorological measurements of wind, temperature and relative humidity were performed at eight levels, within canopy (1.8 and 2.1 m), and just above the canopy (2.4, 2.7, 3.0, and 3.3 m) up to reference levels (3.9 and 4.5 m) when the maize reached a maximum height of 2.2 m. Under incomplete canopy cover of the IRWH system, two important factors complicated evapotranspiration estimation, namely the local advection and high temperatures of the bare soil between adjacent plant rows. Diurnal variations of water vapour related to turbulence at each locality and its position in the thermal internal boundary layers. Generally, advection was more pronounced in wide runoff strips than narrow strips. On wide runoff strips the wind was more effective in replacing the air between the rows and maintained a higher driving force for evaporation. The maximum VPD over the narrow strips was observed at reference level during a dry day, at about 2.2 kPa in the afternoon, while wet day VPD reached a maximum of 1.8 kPa. The VPD of the wide runoff strips correlated negatively with wind speed, but showed a fairly positive correlation with some scattered values on wet days after rain. Therefore, profile characteristics within and above plant canopies played a key role in determining the VPD and consequently, could help to explain transpiration rates of crops. Hence, VPD relations enhanced the understanding of the heat energy exchange processes under the heterogeneous nature of maize canopy of the IRWH tillage system.     

大气中水汽的热扩散效应

本文指出：未饱和水汽在铅直方向的分布严重偏离关于水汽的静力学方程；对平均大气而言，比湿的对数与气压的对数在铅直方向上存在着良好的直线关系。上述事实可以通过引入物理学揭示的热扩散机制予以定量说明，热扩散效应是使空气中的水汽向热的一侧运动；承认水汽的热扩散效应有助于说明锋面近和台风的降水水汽来源，也要求审定大气中原来的水汽环流图像。     

杨慎及其在地理学上的贡献

杨慎(1488—1568)是一位博学多才的文学家、史学家和诗人。他对祖国的文化事业作出了重要贡献。本文从他提出水、汽循环概念;提倡实地考察去观察自然现象,系统考证祖国名山的特征与名称;系统比较研究祖国各地的许多温泉特征以及进行了古今物候对比,云南一年十二个月的物候特征等。从而评价他对我国地理学的发展也作出了重要贡献。     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-rich fluid inclusions with chalcopyrite daughter mineral from the Fenghuangshan Cu–Fe–Au deposit,China: implications for metal transport in vapor

CO₂-rich fluid inclusions containing opaque mineral crystals were found in the Fenghuangshan skarn-porphyry Cu–Fe–Au deposit in Tongling, Anhui, China. These inclusions show variable CO₂ contents and are accompanied by aqueous inclusions, both occurring as secondary inclusions in quartz and being locally associated with chalcopyrite mineralization. Laser Raman microspectroscopic analyses confirm the predominance of CO₂ in the vapor and the presence of H₂S as high as 8 mol%, and identify the opaque mineral with yellow reflectance color in the inclusions as chalcopyrite. More than half of the CO₂-bearing inclusions contains chalcopyrite, whereas few of the associated aqueous inclusions do so. The chalcopyrite, occupying less than 1% (volume) of the inclusions, is interpreted to be a daughter mineral, and calculated Cu concentrations in the inclusions range from 0.1 to 3.4 wt%. Copper is inferred to have been transported in CO₂-dominated fluids as HS⁻ complexes. The occurrence of chalcopyrite daughter crystals in CO₂-rich fluid inclusions indicates that CO₂-rich vapor has the capacity of transporting large amounts of Cu, and possibly Au. This finding has significant implications for metal transport and mineralization in hydrothermal systems enriched in CO₂, such as orogenic-type and granitic intrusion-related gold deposits.