一次强飑线天气过程的新一代天气雷达探测和临近预报

利用位于桂林的新一代天气雷达资料对2005年5月5日影响广西桂林的锋前强飑线过程进行了详细的分析。分析飑线整体演变和内部对流单体演变表明:此飑线为后续线型和断续线型的结合。由镶嵌在飑线中的小尺度超级单体造成对流性大风。对流单体并入飑线前,可发展为成熟的超级单体,有TBSS和BWER等特征,垂直累积液态水含量可达70kg·m-2,造成局地大冰雹。可根据VIL值确定大多数强风暴位置和辨别带有大冰雹的风暴,对强对流天气做临近预报。     

使用VIL选择人工增雨作业区域

本文利用长春多普勒雷达资料,分析了层状云降水整体VIL及0℃层上、下VIL的分布特点,指出VIL较雷达强度回波更适用于人工增雨作业区域的选择,0℃层上部VIL对北方人工增雨作业区域的选择更具指导意义。     

VIL产品在丽江强对流天气中的应用

通过对2006 - 2010年丽江市气象台站观测的冰雹观测记录、短时强降水及民政部门提供的冰雹灾情资料,并结合丽江CINRAD/CC雷达观测资料中的垂直液态含水量VIL进行统计分析.结果表明：当VIL在18 kg/m^2上下时预示着发生冰雹的可能性极大,如果后续VIL值有跃增性增长,并短时（1-5个体扫）达到30 kg/m^2以上,此时可以肯定将发生冰雹天;非汛期期间,VIL值远远小于汛期期间;短时强降水中,当VIL≧1 kg/m2持续维持4个体扫以上时,则有可能出现持续性降水或强降水,历史概括率为40/49=81.6％;当VIL≧5kg/m2时有可能出现短时性强降水,历史概括率为25/49=51.0％.但由于距离等的原因,出现强降水时VIL值仍可能为零,即VIL值对强降水没有明显指示作用的仍占了18％ （5/18）的比例,因而是业务应用中值得关注的一个问题.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns . Barbara Ruth Bailey . Food Politics: The Regional Conflict . David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey , eds. The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World . R. Ballance , J. Ansari and H. Singer . Neighborhoods in Urban America . Ronald H. Bayor , ed. The English Heartland . By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale . Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy . Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande , eds. Tension Areas of the World . D. Gordon Bennett , ed. Latin America: an Introductory Survey . B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet , eds. Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem . Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas , eds. Energy and Land Use . Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin , eds. Slopes and Weathering . Michael Clarke and John Small . Alaska's Rural Development . Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald Mc Beath , eds. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America . Galen Cranz . World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings . Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery , eds. Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography . Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken . Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development . T. Scarlett Epstein . South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development . T. J. D. Fair . Institutions and Geographical Patterns . Robin Flowerdew , ed. Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas . Howard F. Gregor . Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s . Patsy Healy , Glen Mc Dougall and Michael J. Thomas , eds. Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response . Jeffrey R. Henig . The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective . R. J. Johnston . Climate, History and the Modern World . Hubert H. Lamb . Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man . T. M. L. Wigley , M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer . China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935 . Ernest P. Liang . A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective . Robert S. Livingston , T. D. Anderson , T. M. Besmann , M. Olszewski , A. M. Perry , and C. D. West . Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille . B. S. Mac Aodha , ed. Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility . Hal S. Maggied . Land Uses in American Cities . Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves . Industrial Organisation and Location . Philip Mc Dermott and Michael Taylor . Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology . Emilio F. Moran . Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor . Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas , eds. The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada : Urbanization and Environmental Quality . Isao Orishimo . The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise . John Prest . Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens . Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke . Contest for the South China Sea . Marwyn S. Samuels . The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values . Richard C. Smardon , ed. Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen . The Geography of Multinationals . Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift , eds. Impact of Marine Pollution on Society . Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester . Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham . Jerry A. Webman . Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942 . Robert C. West , ed. Cartographic Drawing with Computers . P. Yoeli .     

COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.     

河南省一次致灾强对流天气的中尺度分析

利用常规观测资料、中尺度分析产品和雷达资料对2013年8月1日凌晨发生在河南省西部、北部的一次致灾强对流天气过程进行分析.结果表明:这次强对流是在上干冷下暖湿的不稳定大气层结条件下产生的,较大的垂直风切变出现在强对流发生后,可能与强对流天气产生时间较晚有关;地面辐合线是这次强对流产生的触发机制,强对流发生在地面等温线和等露点线的密集区内.云图亮温的低值中心对应地面的强雨区.1日凌晨,对流回波东移加强,先后形成的两条弓形回波,均存在明显的低层弱回波区和中高层的悬垂回波结构,大风发生在弓形带状回波后侧;对流回波带低层有很强的西南风急流,使得强对流回波形成弓形带状回波;强回波带的前沿速度场上,有中尺度辐合线、辐合区、逆风区存在,它们的出现和维持是产生局地强降水的一个有用指标,中尺度系统的存在是强对流风暴产生、维持、发展的必要条件;较大垂直液态含水量的维持为产生强降水提供了有利条件,垂直液态含水量的增减,预示着地面强对流天气的开始和减弱.     

垂直积分液态水含量在地面大风预报中的应用

利用天津塘沽的CINRAD-SA型新一代多普勒雷达体扫描垂直积分液态水含量(VIL)产品资料,结合地面大风灾情报告和实况资料,对地面灾害性大风出现前VIL值的演变、发展情况进行了统计分析。结果表明:VIL值达到30kg/m2是地面灾害性大风出现的阈值,VIL值达到或超过40kg/m2则可以看作是大风的一个预警指标;VIL值达到最大后的快速减小意味着将出现地面灾害性大风,VIL值快速减小后的突然跃增则是地面灾害性大风开始的标志。应用评分系统命中率、误警率、临界成功指数检验了上述预警指标,结果表明VIL产品预警地面灾害性大风是可用的,而且随时间调整阈值大小,可以大大提高地面灾害性大风预警的命中率和临界成功指数;地面灾害大风出现前预报员有12～18min的时间用于发布短时、临界大风天气预报和大风预警。     

一次冰雹天气多普勒雷达回波特征分析

利用常规气象资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,对2007年7月28日发生在新疆伊犁地区一次系统降水过后的强对流风暴过程进行分析。结果发现,此次对流风暴并无有利的大尺度系统配合,有发生突然、维持时间短、强度大的特点。利于出现局地对流风暴的主要因素为地表附近高温、高湿,空气中能量释放不完全等。本次降雹过程存在对流风暴,成熟时回波强度大于50dBz,相对应的速度图上有逆风区、辐合气旋式速度对以及下层辐合、上层辐散等特征。研究还发现,强回波区扩展到-20℃等温线以上,风暴顶辐散正负速度差较大,VIL持续大于50kg·m^-2,以及VIL突增等都是冰雹强度预报简单有效的参量。     

一次冰雹风暴的CINRAD/SA产品分析

分析了2002年9月27日发生在山东东阿附近一次冰雹风暴发生、发展各阶段新一代天气雷达CINRAD/SA反射率、平均径向速度等产品的演变过程。在风暴中, 观测到了低层前侧入流缺口、有界弱回波区 (BWER)、中气旋 (M) 等超级单体风暴的特征。中气旋在风暴中维持了约90 min, 通过连续时次各仰角高度风暴相对速度产品的分析, 揭示了中气旋发生、发展和消亡的过程。分析表明风暴跟踪信息 (STI)、冰雹指数 (HI)、垂直积分液态含水量 (VIL)、中气旋 (M) 等产品对冰雹有较好的识别和预报能力。     

天山南侧喀什地区冰雹潜势预报及预警指标的研究

利用2008-2017年5~8月天山南侧喀什地区气象台站观测记录、人工防雹作业点记录、灾害调查等资料,喀什探空站08时、20时探空资料,喀什雷达探测资料及其基数据反演产品,对冰雹的年分布、月分布及日变化特征进行了分析,归纳出冰雹云的雷达回波特征及移动路径,依据百分位数方法确定了以0℃层高度、-20℃层高度、冻结层厚度、全总指数、杰弗逊指数、K指数、沙氏指数为代表的冰雹预报指标,以及以回波顶高及其与当日0℃层高度差、40~50 dBZ回波高度及其与当日0℃层高度差、组合反射率、垂直积分液态水含量为代表的雷达特征预警指标。