岩体结构力学效应的统计岩体力学研究

谷德振先生开创的岩体工程地质力学是我国工程地质代表性科学理论之一,岩体结构力学效应是它的核心内容。本文简要概括了谷德振岩体工程地质力学的基本思想,介绍了近20多年来统计岩体力学对岩体工程地质力学理论的发展,包括岩体结构参数模型、应力-应变模型、强度与破坏概率模型、岩体水力学模型,讨论了岩体结构对岩体变形、破坏与水力学性质的各类力学效应与定量控制规律,并探讨了充分调动边坡岩体自稳潜力的主动加固理念、固脚和护腰的加固模式与锚固设计方法。本文认为,谷德振岩体工程地质力学深刻把握了岩体工程行为的基本控制因素和作用规律,具有强大的生命力,推进岩体工程地质力学的定量理论研究是后来者的历史任务。     

多年冻土区路基尺度效应对路面结构力学响应的影响

为了研究不同尺度路基融沉作用对路面结构层力学响应的影响,建立了基于热力耦合理论的有限元模型,系统研究不同路基尺度工况下,融沉作用对不同厚度路面、不同材料基层的力学分布规律影响. 结果表明：相同的融沉条件下,整体式路基较分离式及二级路基,变形分别增大45%、64%,应力增大17.5%、21.7%. 高速公路面层由于路基较宽,地基融沉更容易向上传递,进而导致面层底部应力增大,最终造成面层的破坏. 因此,路面设计过程中保证一定的面层厚度,并采用柔性基层减小模量,可有效以降低层底应力水平,并防止基层裂缝向上反射.     

Coupled analysis of nonlinear sloshing and ship motions

A coupled numerical model considering nonlinear sloshing flows and the linear ship motions has been developed based on a boundary element method. Hydrodynamic performances of a tank containing internal fluid under regular wave excitations in sway are investigated by the present time-domain simulation model and comparative model tests. The numerical model features well the hydrodynamic performance of a tank and its internal sloshing flows obtained from the experiments. In particular, the numerical simulations of the strong nonlinear sloshing flows at the natural frequency have been validated. The influence of the excitation wave height and wave frequency on ship motions and internal sloshing has been investigated. The magnitude of the internal sloshing increases nonlinearly as the wave excitation increases. It is observed that the asymmetry of the internal sloshing relative to still water surface becomes more pronounced at higher wave excitation. The internal sloshing-induced wave elevation is found to be amplitude-modulated. The frequency of the amplitude modulation envelope is determined by the difference between the incident wave frequency and the natural frequency of the internal sloshing. Furthermore, the coupling mechanism between ship motions and internal sloshing is discussed.     

Analysis of geographical disparities in temporal trends of health outcomes using space–time joinpoint regression

Analyzing temporal trends in health outcomes can provide a more comprehensive picture of the burden of a disease like cancer and generate new insights about the impact of various interventions. In the United States such an analysis is increasingly conducted using joinpoint regression outside a spatial framework, which overlooks the existence of significant variation among U.S. counties and states with regard to the incidence of cancer. This paper presents several innovative ways to account for space in joinpoint regression: (1) prior filtering of noise in the data by binomial kriging and use of the kriging variance as measure of reliability in weighted least-square regression, (2) detection of significant boundaries between adjacent counties based on tests of parallelism of time trends and confidence intervals of annual percent change of rates, and (3) creation of spatially compact groups of counties with similar temporal trends through the application of hierarchical cluster analysis to the results of boundary analysis. The approach is illustrated using time series of proportions of prostate cancer late-stage cases diagnosed yearly in every county of Florida since 1980s. The annual percent change (APC) in late-stage diagnosis and the onset years for significant declines vary greatly across Florida. Most counties with non-significant average APC are located in the north-western part of Florida, known as the Panhandle, which is more rural than other parts of Florida. The number of significant boundaries peaked in the early 1990s when prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test became widely available, a temporal trend that suggests the existence of geographical disparities in the implementation and/or impact of the new screening procedure, in particular as it began available.     

A dynamic network model for two‐phase immiscible flow

A dynamic pore‐scale network model is formulated for two‐phase immiscible flow. Interfaces are tracked through the pore throats using a modified Poiseuille equation, whereas special displacement rules are used at the pore bodies. The model allows interfaces to move over several pore‐lengths within a time step. Initial computational results are presented for a drainage experiment to demonstrate some of the features of the model. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The effect of the Mt St Helens eruption on tropospheric and stratospheric ions

Balloon-borne observations of electrical conductivity in the troposphere and stratosphere were performed using conductivity sondes at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany, from June to November, 1980, after the Mt St Helens eruption. A significant decrease of atmospheric ions in the altitudes from the troposphere to lower stratosphere has been detected until several months after the eruption in comparison with the observational results obtained before the eruption. Simulteneous ruby lidar observation a month after the eruption indicates an increased amount of aerosol at nearly the same altitude as that of conductivity decrease. Several months after the eruption it appears that aerosols detected by lidar and those effective in reducing ion concentration have different profiles.     

Transverse baroclinic oscillations in Lake Überlingen

An episode of velocity measurements in the epilimnion at a midlake station in Lake Überlingen and taken from the campaign in October 1972 discloses a uni-nodal Poincaré-type baroclinic mode response with a 4 h period. We discuss the data and interpret it in terms of a two-layered linear wave model on the rotating Earth.

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近年来我国城市地理学主要研究领域的新进展

本文对改革开放以来中国城市地理学研究的新进展作了综述，尤其注重新领域的进展和主要观点的概括。本文涉及的主要领域包括：（１）城市化研究；（２）城市发展方针的研究；（３）城市体系研究；（４）城市内部空间结构研究。最后，在研究展望中作者指出，在社会主义市场经济体制下，应开展城市土地和住房以及国际大都市的研究。