Geographies of energy transition: the case of high-performing commercial office space in the central business districts of Sydney and Melbourne,Australia

As a signatory to the Paris Climate Agreement, Australia committed to reduce emissions significantly by 2030. In a country highly urbanised and dependent on fossil fuels as its primary energy source, one key avenue for meeting these commitments is energy transition in the built environment. Australia has emerged as a leader in the design and construction of high-performance buildings in the premium commercial office sector. In this paper, we address a significant gap in understanding the diverse mechanisms through which building energy transition is being constituted in this sector, focusing on Sydney and Melbourne. In the absence of substantive publicly available data, we draw on mixed methods comprising a database developed around high-performing CBD office buildings and qualitative interviews with a range of sectoral stakeholders. We characterise the building stock in each city, and document five trends constituting energy transitions. We demonstrate that building energy transitions are not only shaped purposefully by dominant governance regimes but also by opportunistic responses to specific material and commercial conditions and legacies in each city. Thus the urban built environment affords significant opportunity for energy transitions, but pathways towards such transitions are necessarily multiple and ultimately shaped by material as well as institutional geographies.     

Simulation of urban expansion via integrating artificial neural network with Markov chain – cellular automata

Accurate simulations and predictions of urban expansion are critical to manage urbanization and explicitly address the spatiotemporal trends and distributions of urban expansion. Cellular Automata integrated Markov Chain (CA-MC) is one of the most frequently used models for this purpose. However, the urban suitability index (USI) map produced from the conventional CA-MC is either affected by human bias or cannot accurately reflect the possible nonlinear relations between driving factors and urban expansion. To overcome these limitations, a machine learning model (Artificial Neural Network, ANN) was integrated with CA-MC instead of the commonly used Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Logistic Regression (LR) CA-MC models. The ANN was optimized to create the USI map and then integrated with CA-MC to spatially allocate urban expansion cells. The validated results of kappa and fuzzy kappa simulation indicate that ANN-CA-MC outperformed other variously coupled CA-MC modelling approaches. Based on the ANN-CA-MC model, the urban area in South Auckland is predicted to expand to 1340.55 ha in 2026 at the expense of non-urban areas, mostly grassland and open-bare land. Most of the future expansion will take place within the planned new urban growth zone.     

基于多源遥感数据的区域生态系统服务价值年际动态监测 ——以中原城市群为例

通过对多源遥感数据在生态系统服务价值（ESV）遥感模型中的尺度效应分析,选择满足最佳空间分辨率和长时间序列的遥感数据,对中原城市群区域2001~2013年的ESV实现了逐年逐像元水平的动态监测。结果表明：该区应用于遥感模型输入数据的最适空间分辨率为30~1 000 m,相对于30 m尺度,其他尺度估算结果的相对偏差均小于0.4%;结合年际动态监测的需求,选择了MODIS数据产品（空间分辨率500 m,时间尺度1 a）作为遥感模型的最佳数据源;研究区ESV总值在研究期内整体上呈显著增长趋势,增速约为8.6亿元/a,但在持续增长过程中经历了3次波动,且表现得越来越剧烈;在空间上,研究区ESV多年均值呈现出明显的不均衡性,表现为从西南向东部递减的趋势。研究表明此方法简单易行,初步实现了区域ESV年际动态监测遥感模型的准业务化运行。     

Synergetic efficiency of Lidar and WorldView-2 for 3D urban cartography in Northeast Mexico

Three-dimensional urban cartography is needed for city changes’ assessment. The variety of studies using 3D calculations of urban elements grows each year. Building and vegetation volumes are necessary to assess and understand spatio-temporal urban changeable environments. However, there are technical questions as to which method can improve 3D urban cartographic accuracy. The innovative part of this current study is the creation of a six-band hybrid obtained from LIDAR and WorldView2 synergy. Two different enhancement algorithms demonstrated the most important spectral features for the urban development and vegetation classes. Results indicated an improvement in accuracy by up to 21.3%, according to the Kappa coefficient. Both infra-red band and intensity band were the most significant, according to the principal components analysis. The synergy delimited classes and polygons, as well as the direct display of information regarding heights of elements and improving the extraction of roads, buildings and vegetation classes.     

郑州城市空间扩展特征及其驱动因素分析

以遥感与GIS为技术支撑,对郑州市1976-2004年城市建成区面积进行了动态监测,并对郑州28 a来城市空间扩展特征和驱动因素进行了分析。结果表明,郑州市建成区从1976-2004年面积增加了5.81倍,平均每年扩展10.75 km^2。其扩展占用的土地利用类型主要是耕地,其次为农村居民点和其他建设用地,还有一些林地、水库和沼泽地。社会经济因素是建成区扩展的内在推动力,经济发展、政策和规划等是建成区扩展的主要驱动力。通过郑州建成区遥感监测,了解城市空间扩展规律,对正确处理城市扩展与占用土地的关系具有重要意义。     

城市导线测量一体化程序设计

主要阐述利用QBASIC语言开发城市导线测量一体化程序设计的编程思想和实现过程(含程序主模块).     

绍兴镜湖生态旅游开发与保护

以绍兴镜湖国家城市湿地公园为案例,简要分析了镜湖开发与保护中存在的城市发展、原住居民生产生活、生态系统保护与游客利益四者之间的博弈关系,重点对其生态旅游开发与保护模式进行了总结,认为绍兴镜湖生态旅游开发与保护是"B"模式 "国家公园"模式的融合.文章还总结了镜湖生态旅游开发主要从分级保护、旅游项目开发生态性、湿地生境恢复、旅游交通组织、客流量控制及生态农业模式等方面协调开发与保护的关系.提出了今后城市湿地旅游开发与保护的研究方向.     

云南城市经济影响区空间组织演变规律

对1990-2004 年云南省城镇发展差异进行分析,发现自20 世纪90 年代以来云南省城市综合实力总体呈差异扩大的趋势,表现出小城市发展缓慢且分化不明显,少数高位城市极化,在空间呈现明显的核心-边缘倾向等特征。其后,进一步展示云南省城市经济影响区空 间演化的阶段性规律：① 20 世纪90 年代以前云南省城市经济影响区被特殊的地理环境分割 成破碎且难以整合的小型离散化的格局;② 自20 世纪90 年代以来,随着地区工业化和城市 化加速进行,交通通讯网络的发育和辐射,中小城市得以发育,伴随于城市经济影响区空间 扩张与收缩,云南省城市经济影响区逐渐从单层离散分布演变为三层嵌套结构,并不断朝更高级的结构形态演进,即云南省城市经济影响区空间呈现显著的、由小规模离散分布阶段、过渡转型阶段到嵌套复合阶段的时空演化序列。最后,针对这种时空演化序列,笔者解析出云南省城市经济影响区在不同时空条件组合下的三种空间扩展类型：单向拓展类型、多向拓展类型和邻接扩展类型。     

不同指标下的穗港城市走廊潜在通达性及其空间格局

本文以最短时间距离以及加权平均出行时间两种指标,其中后者以未来人口数为其加权因子,在对广州至香港之间廊道状区域的陆路交通网络现状通达性数据进行计算的基础上,对其潜在通达性及其空间格局进行预测分析。由此得出,穗港走廊内部的陆路网络潜在通达性呈现出同心环状态分布的空间格局,其潜在通达性水平以环心为最优,逐渐往外层递减;两种指标换算成通达性系数进行对比,发现利用未来人口数作为加权因子之后,走廊南部在整个网络的通达性地位得到了提升,但走廊北部的通达性地位却受到了削弱;穗港走廊潜在通达性空间格局比现状更加收敛,整体通达性水平得到提升,初始通达性水平越低的地方,提升的幅度越大。     

北京精细下垫面信息引入对暴雨模拟的影响

首先根据2000年环北京实际的精细下垫面布局资料（500m分辨率）,按美国USGS陆面资料分类标准（25类）对其提供的全球30 s经纬分辨率（≈1 km）下垫面分类资料进行了更新设计.进而针对一个北京夏季暴雨过程,利用10:3.3km双向双重嵌套的MM5V3.6-Noah LSM陆气耦合模式进行24h数值对比试验,研究了北京精细下垫面信息引入对暴雨的影响.分析表明：新设计的陆面资料更真实地反映了环北京区域的下垫面结构,尤其针对北京城区面积迅增特征;同时还修正了原资料将亚洲中纬度区域落叶阔叶林下垫面类型归属为热带(或亚热带)稀疏大草原类型的问题.其在数值天气模式中的引入会对短期暴雨过程的发生发展产生重要影响.对此次暴雨主要降水中心的模拟,12h差值分布范围远达30km以上,中心值相对差异可达30%.研究发现在城市下垫面和大气相互间存在一个重要的相互影响机制,即由于城区面积的扩大会导致自然植被减少,进而会减少地表蒸发及相应局地大气水分供应、加深边界层高度并增强大气水汽混合,这不利于降水的发生发展.