我国沿海城市应对气候变化的发展战略

我国沿海地区战略地位十分重要,并呈现“区域发展沿海化,沿海城市临海化”的趋势,但同时却面临着全球气候变化引起的海平面上升、极端气候灾害频发等诸多严峻挑战。为在战略层面解决我国向海发展的战略与全球气候变化的矛盾与冲突,文中提出了我国沿海城市应对气候变化的发展战略：确定了总体目标是建设适合我国国情的沿海气候弹性城市,提出了“规划引领、陆海统筹、主动适应、积极减排、适度冗余、增加弹性”的应对原则,明确了强化城市规划管控、控制空间发展方向、严控围填海造地、优化城市空间布局、提高规划设计标准、加强海岸防护设施、夯实城市基础设施和提升监测预警应急等8项重点任务。     

Urban green commons: Insights on urban common property systems

The aim of this paper is to shed new light on urban common property systems. We deal with urban commons in relation to urban green-space management, referring to them as urban green commons. Applying a property-rights analytic perspective, we synthesize information on urban green commons from three case-study regions in Sweden, Germany, and South Africa, and elaborate on their role for biodiversity conservation in urban settings, with a focus on business sites. Cases cover both formally established types of urban green commons and bottom-up emerged community-managed habitats. As our review demonstrates, the right to actively manage urban green space is a key characteristic of urban green commons whether ownership to land is in the private, public, the club realm domain, or constitutes a hybrid of these. We discuss the important linkages among urban common property systems, social–ecological learning, and management of ecosystem services and biodiversity. Several benefits can be associated with urban green commons, such as a reduction of costs for ecosystem management and as designs for reconnecting city-inhabitants to the biosphere. The emergence of urban green commons appears closely linked to dealing with societal crises and for reorganizing cities; hence, they play a key role in transforming cities toward more socially and ecologically benign environments. While a range of political questions circumscribe the feasibility of urban green commons, we discuss their usefulness in management of different types of urban habitats, their political justification and limitation, their potential for improved biodiversity conservation, and conditions for their emergence. We conclude by postulating some general policy advice.     

城市规划信息系统初探

城市规划信息系统作为城市地理信息系统的一个重要的专题分支系统 ,是城市规划体系的基础和纽带。因此 ,通过研究城市规划信息系统的基础理论来指导城市规划信息系统的具体实践 ,进而实现城市可持续发展的战略 ,具有重要意义。     

TREE INVASION IN MEADOWS OF LASSEN VOLCANIC NATIONAL PARK,CALIFORNIA*

The causes of tree invasion into meadows in Lassen Volcanic National Park were investigated by dating invasive trees and associating age structure patterns with regional variations in fire history, grazing, and climate change. Massive invasion was associated primarily with cessation of livestock grazing and burning between 1905 and 1933, but climatic change may also have contributed. Maintenance of meadows may require continued use of unnatural processes due to uncertainties about pre-European fire regimes and other resource considerations.     

One year irrigation experiment to assess losses and runoff volume relationships for a residential road in hertfordshire,England

Six sections of a residential road (75 mm bituminous macadam over 200mm lean mix concrete over 100 mm hoggin with a recent surface dressing of 10 mm granite chippings and K1-70 binder) that drain to individual instrumented gully pots were irrigated along the kerb and then over the whole road approximately monthly for a year. The aim was the determination of terminal infiltration losses, initial losses, percentage runoff, and infiltration curves for the kerb and road surface. The results were not as expected from the literature. There is an annual cycle of infiltration losses at the kerb with a winter peak caused by frost action that is 3.2 times greater than the terminal loss rate at kerbs in summer. The terminal loss rate for an ‘average catchment’ was 6.4251 min^?1 from the road surface and 14.251 min^?1 in summer and 46.281 min^?1 in winter at the kerb. Evaporation was usually more than an order of magnitude less significant than infiltration. The wide variation in initial losses before runoff commenced was inexplicable. Two sections of road behaved in the classic manner with initial losses averaging 0.8 mm, two other catchments had highly variable initial losses in the range 1.2 to 8.8mm, and the last two pieces of road were even more erratic. The percentage runoff for those irrigations of over 15 mm of equivalent rainfall was never more than 10 per cent. The maximum per cent runoff was around 50 per cent following 10 mm of equivalent rainfall for kerbside irrigation and only 5 mm of irrigation over the whole road. There were no significant simple or multiple regression relationships between percentage runoff from the kerb or the whole road irrigations and irrigation amount, slope, UCWI, and SMD. Infiltration curves, for kerb and road irrigation, were so diverse that they do not represent the ‘simple impervious surfaces’ envisaged at the start of the experiment and described in the literature. Since the artificial irrigation of kerbs and roads has failed to substantiate existing theory, these experiments should be repeated at a variety of sites with a high rate of irrigation.     

APPLICATION OF PATTERN RECOGNITION TO SPECIATION DATA OF HEAVY METALS IN SUSPENDED PARTICULATES OF URBAN AIR

In order to get a better knowledge of the air pollution levels of the urban air of Barcelona,twelvesamples from three stations of the air-monitoring control network were analysed.Each control station isrepresentative of a different environmental situation.Thus the station at Plaa Molina responds to asimple domestic and urban traffic situation;the station at Poble Nou to the influence of medium andsmall industries,mainly metallurgical;and the station at Montcada to a zone in which there existimportant industries,a cement factory,two highways and railroads.The total content of unsedimentable particles,three inorganic anions(chlorides,sulphates andnitrates)and six heavy metals(Fe,Pb,Cu,Mn,Cr and Cd)were determined on all the samples obtainedduring the same period of time.The use of an analytical scheme of sequential extraction has alsopermitted the subdivision of the total content of each metal into the following four fractions:(1)solubleor exchangeable;(2)associated with carbonates and/or with iron and manganese oxides;(3)bound toorganic matter;and(4)residual.The use of principal component analysis applied to the data as a whole showed the associations andcorrelations between the various parameters as well as between the different above mentioned fractions.The predominant presence of Cd in the‘soluble or exchangeable’fraction is confirmed,while the othermetals are mainly associated with the‘carbonates and/or Fe and Mn oxides’and‘bound to organicmatter’fractions.Hierarchical cluster analysis applied to the twelve samples showed clearly the presence of threedifferent classes closely related to the origin(station)of the samples.Thus it becomes feasible to proposefor each station a possible profile of the content in terms of the different parameters considered.     

A tipping bucket flowmeter for roadside gully runoff

A tipping bucket flowmeter designed for the measurement of inflows to roadside gully pots is described. It is braced within the pot above the liquor and the runoff is fed to it via a glass fibre funnel and a hose. Whilst it can be calibrated to only 0·71 s^?1, it is very effective at low flows and has a number of advantages over the well known Institute of Hydrology Gully Meter. Its use at Redbourn, Hertfordshire for roads on highly permeable soils shows that for both rainfall and artificial irrigation the ‘losses’ are very large and highly variable even within a single housing estate road.     

中国城市(包括辖县)的工业职能分类——理论、方法和结果

在城市发展的经济基础理论的指导下,作者提出城市工业职能的概念包括城市的专业化部门、职能强度和职能规模三个要素。城市工业职能分类就是按照上述三要素的相似性和差异性对城市进行分类。本研究曾采用主因素分析、聚类分析和纳尔逊的统计分析等多种方法。最后以沃德误差法的聚类分析结果作为分类的基础,稍加修正,并以纳尔逊法分析结果作补充。中国1984年的295个城市被分成三个大类、十九个亚类和五十四个职能组。     

成都市城市热岛特征初探

本文利用1986年夏季、1987年冬季市区观测资料和郊区气象站气候资料,分析了成都市热岛特征、热岛强度随时间的变化及绿化对城市小气候的影响。     

Introductory review of specific factors influencing urban groundwater, an emerging branch of hydrogeology, with reference to Barcelona, Spain

A number of specific factors must be considered when dealing with groundwater in urban areas. Urbanization significantly affects the natural water cycle, both in terms of quantity and quality. In particular, the main contributors to recharge and discharge clearly differ from those in natural systems. Moreover, water can affect underground structures and infrastructure characteristics of cities such as basements, public transport services (trains, underground railways, etc.), and utility conduits. As a result, urban groundwater is emerging as a distinct branch of hydrogeology. The objective of this paper is to review some of the topics that are specific to urban groundwater. These include (1) fluctuations in groundwater levels caused by changes in land and water uses; (2) pollution problems caused by point or non-point sources in urban areas; (3) characterization and quantification of the components contributing to groundwater recharge and discharge; (4) specific characteristics of groundwater flow and solute transport models in urban areas; and (5) integration of data for sustainable urban water management. Some of these issues are illustrated for the particular case of Barcelona, where a comprehensive hydrogeological study has been carried out during the last few years by both the public and the private sectors.

---

Resumen Se debe considerar una serie de factores específicos al tratar las aguas subterráneas en áreas urbanas. El proceso de urbanización afecta el ciclo natural del agua de manera significativa tanto en lo que se refiere a cantidad como a calidad. En particular, los contribuyentes principales a la recarga y descarga claramente difieren de aquellos aplicables a los sistemas naturales. Es más, el agua puede afectar los estructuras subterráneas de las ciudades tales como sótanos, servicios de transporte público (trenes, trenes subterráneos) y los servicios básicos. Como resultado de esto, la hidrogeologia urbana está emergiendo como una rama específica de la hidrogeología. El objectivo de este artículo es revisar algunos de los temas que son específicos al agua subterránea urbana. Estos incluyen: 1) Fluctuaciones en los niveles de agua subterránea causados por cambios en los usos de terreno y del agua; 2) Problemas de contaminación causados por fuentes puntuales o no puntuales en áreas urbanas; 3) Caracterización y cuantificación de los componentes que contribuyen a la recarga y descarga de agua subterránea; 4) Características especificas de flujo de agua subterránea y modelos de transporte de solutos en áreas urbanas; y 5) Integración de datos para el manejo sostenible de agua urbana. Algunos de estos puntos se han ilustrados para el caso particular de Barcelona en donde se ha llevado a cabo un estudio hidrogeológico amplio durante los últimos años tanto por el sector privado como el público.

---

Résumé Une série de facteurs spécifiques doit être considérée lorsque leau souterraine en région urbaine est étudiée. Lurbanisation affecte significativement le cycle naturel de leau, autant du point de vue quantitatif que qualitatif. Plus particulièrement, les zones de recharge et de décharge diffèrent considérablement des systèmes naturels. Leau souterraine peut affecter les structures souterraines ainsi que les infrastructures municipales telles que les sous-sols, les systèmes de transport publique (trains, métros, ...) et les conduits de service. De ce fait, lhydrogéologie en milieu urbain émerge comme une branche distincte de lhydrogéologie classique. Lobjectif de cet article est de revoir certaines notions qui sont spécifiques à létude de leau souterraine en milieu urbain. Parmi ces notions : 1) les fluctuations de la nappe phréatique causées par des changements dans lutilisation du territoire et de leau, 2) les problèmes de pollution causés par des sources ponctuelles ou diffuses en milieu urbain, 3) la caractérisation et quantification des composants qui contribuent à la recharge et décharge des aquifères, 4) les caractéristiques spécifiques des modèles découlement de leau souterraine et de transport de solutés en milieux urbain, et 5) lintégration des données pour la gestion durable de leau en milieu urbain. Certaines de ces questions sont étudiées pour le cas particulier de la ville de Barcelone où une étude hydrogéologique complète a été menée au cours des dernières années par les secteurs privé et public.