臭氧、保鲜剂及温度对哈密瓜呼吸强度及贮藏效果的影响

本文研究了不同温度、不同浓度臭氧溶液和保鲜剂溶液处理对哈密瓜呼吸强度及贮藏效果的影响。实验结果表明。低温有利降低了哈密瓜的呼吸强度，其中4℃是较佳的贮藏温度，2℃贮温会使哈密瓜发生冷害。500mg／L、750mg／L、1000mg／L浓度的伊麦唑与伊源果蜡复合使用能够降低哈密瓜的呼吸强度，但三个处理组之间对瓜呼吸强度影响的差异不明显。     

A Simple Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model For Atmospheric Models: Comparison With Multi-Layer And Slab Models

We developed a simple, single-layer urban canopy model, and comparedit to both multi-layer and slab models. Our single-layer model has thefollowing features: (a) It is a column model of energy and momentumexchange between an urban surface and the atmosphere, (b) it includesthe influence of street canyons, which are parameterized to representthe urban geometry, (c) it includes shadowing from buildings andreflection of radiation, and (d) it estimates both the surfacetemperatures of, and heat fluxes from, three surface types: roof, wall,and road. In the simulation of the single-layer model, the roof washottest during the daytime, but coolest from midnight to early morning.This is consistent with output from the multi-layer model and fieldobservations at a residential area on a clear, summer day. The diurnalvariation of the energy budget from the single-layer model agrees wellwith that from the multi-layer model. Our single-layer model'sperformance is nearly that of a multi-layer model for studyingmesoscale heat islands. Nevertheless, it is simply parameterized,and thus easily included in larger-scale atmospheric models. The slabmodel has the largest nighttime cooling rate of the three models. Toovercome this, it needs more adjustments than for the canopy models.     

Effects of rainfall intensity fluctuations on infiltration and runoff: rainfall simulation on dryland soils,Fowlers Gap,Australia

Small plots and a dripper rainfall simulator were used to explore the significance of the intensity fluctuations (‘event profile’) within simulated rainfall events on infiltration and runoff from bare, crusted dryland soils. Rainfall was applied at mean rain rates of 10 mm/h. Fourteen simulated rainfall events each involved more than 5000 changes of intensity and included multipeak events with a 25‐mm/h peak of intensity early in the event or late in the event and an event that included a temporary cessation of rain. These are all event profiles commonly seen in natural rain but rarely addressed in rainfall simulation. A rectangular event profile of constant intensity, as commonly used in rainfall simulation experiments, was also adopted for comparative purposes. Results demonstrate that event profile exerts an important effect on infiltration and runoff for these soils and rainfall event profiles. ‘Uniform’ events of unvarying intensity yielded the lowest total runoff, the lowest peak runoff rate and the lowest runoff ratio (0.13). These parameters increased for ‘early peak’ profiles (runoff ratio 0.24) and reached maxima for ‘late peak’ profiles (runoff ratio 0.50). Differences in runoff ratio and peak runoff rate between the ‘uniform’ event profile and those of varying intensity were all statistically significant at p ≤ 0.01. Compared with ‘uniform’ runs, the varying intensity runs yielded larger runoff ratios and peak runoff rates, exceeding those of the ‘uniform’ events by 85%–570%. These results suggest that for small‐plot studies of infiltration and erosion, the continued use of constant rainfall intensity simulations may be sacrificing important information and misrepresenting the mechanisms involved in runoff generation. The implications of these findings for the ecohydrology of the research site, an area of contour‐aligned banded vegetation in which runoff and runon are of critical importance, are highlighted. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

热带西太平洋热状况年代际和年际变化特征分析

采用谐波分析和EOF分析方法,对比研究了暖池区域表层热状况(海表温度距平SST'表征)和浅层热状况(热含量距平HS'和次表层海温距平ST'表征)在1月和7月的年代际、年际尺度时空特征.分析结果表明:⑴不同季节的年代际、年际尺度SST'和HS'都存在两个显著模态,HS'1月的年代际、年际尺度结构最简单,而SST'7月的年代际和1月年际结构最复杂;⑵ 1970年代末和1980年代初发生的年代际跃变HS'晚于SST', 且SST'(HS')呈增温(减少)趋势;⑶ HS'的年际异常与ENSO关系密切,而SST'与ENSO关系不显著.     

郑州市冬季采暖期气候变化特征及节能潜力分析

利用郑州市1951—2007年日平均气温资料,按照国家采暖规范从气候角度上确定了符合郑州特点的采暖初终日,较规定的初、终日（11月15日至次年3月15日）有明显推迟和提前的趋势,并分析了采暖期长度及采暖期的气候变化特征,结果表明：进7．90年代特别是21世纪初采暖期明显缩短,平均较80年代缩短了14d左右。在此基础上研究了近57a来采暖期气候条件的变化,并通过构建采暖强度、采暖指数指标,讨论这种变化对能源消耗和环境保护的影响,从科学角度提出节能的可能性。     

Adaptation of Pressure Based CFD Solvers for Mesoscale Atmospheric Problems

General purpose Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers are frequently used in small-scale urban pollution dispersion simulations without a large extent of ver- tical flow. Vertical flow, however, plays an important role in the formation of local breezes, such as urban heat island induced breezes that have great significance in the ventilation of large cities. The effects of atmospheric stratification, anelasticity and Coriolis force must be taken into account in such simulations. We introduce a general method for adapting pressure based CFD solvers to atmospheric flow simulations in order to take advantage of their high flexibility in geometrical modelling and meshing. Compressibility and thermal stratification effects are taken into account by utilizing a novel system of transformations of the field variables and by adding consequential source terms to the model equations of incompressible flow. Phenomena involving mesoscale to microscale coupled effects can be analyzed without model nesting, applying only local grid refinement of an arbitrary level. Elements of the method are validated against an analytical solution, results of a reference calculation, and a laboratory scale urban heat island circulation experiment. The new approach can be applied with benefits to several areas of application. Inclusion of the moisture transport phenomena and the surface energy balance are important further steps towards the practical application of the method.     

我国沿海地区城市群可持续发展问题探析--以山东半岛城市群为例

提出我国沿海地区城市群在实现可持续发展过程中所面临的问题,并以山东半岛城市群为例,从地区的经济结构、生态环境、资源利用、基础设施等方面,分析制约其可持续发展的因子,最后提出了几点看法,建议。     

铁岭莲花湖湿地湖心岛建设探讨

为解决人为活动对城市湿地公园内鸟类的影响,对铁岭莲花湖湿地公园湖心岛建设进行调查分析,湖心岛建设在保护湿地鸟类资源及丰富湿地景观多样性等方面起到了重要作用。根据城市湿地公园建设理念,提出了湿地公园中湖心岛建设的原则,初步探讨了湿地湖心岛建设过程中的基础填筑、岛上生物栖息地建设及岸边护坡等关键技术方案。     

东海内陆架泥质区台风沉积辨识的指标与方法研究

台风是当今人类社会面临的全球性重大环境灾害问题之一,但由于台风器测年限较短,限制了对台风长期演化机制的研究。沉积记录成为拓展台风记录时间跨度的重要载体,其中台风沉积的有效辨识是重要基础。尽管许多研究试图基于各种指标和方法来重建长时间尺度的台风活动,但目前仍缺少对台风沉积辨识指标与方法有效性的评估。本文以高分辨率的东海内陆架泥质区ZM02孔为载体,采用放射性同位素²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs定年法确定沉积物的年代序列。耦合器测记录和沉积记录,分析器测时期台风强度和频率与台风沉积敏感指标（如砂含量和D₉₀）之间的对应关系,以期探讨台风沉积辨识指标和方法的有效性。结果显示,ZM02孔的平均沉积速率为0.97 cm/a,其上部4.5～100 cm的沉积年代为1917−2011年。砂含量和D₉₀均可作为东海内陆架泥质区台风沉积辨识的有效指标,阈值法的识别效果最好且稳定性高。砂含量可能是反映浙江海岸台风强度变化的潜在指标,而D₉₀则可能蕴含台风频率信息。这些认识有助于更准确地利用沉积记录去拓展台风记录的时间跨度,也有助于提高从沉积记录解译环境信息的能力。     

电性源瞬变电磁全区视电阻率定义

电性源瞬变电磁法是目前研究的热点,研究该方法的全区视电阻率定义同样很重要.文中给出了一种快速有效的全区视电阻率定义方法,利用该方法可以快速计算电性源瞬变电磁多分量的全区视电阻率.利用均匀半空间磁场强度响应曲线的平移伸缩特性实现视电阻率定义,该算法无需迭代就可以直接计算,速度快,精度高.最后,对比了水平磁场分量和垂直磁场分量定义的全区视电阻率对地层的分辨能力.结果表明,两种分量定义的全区视电阻率有相同的分辨能力,给电性源瞬变电磁法的多分量综合解释技术奠定了理论基础.