A Simple Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model For Atmospheric Models: Comparison With Multi-Layer And Slab Models

We developed a simple, single-layer urban canopy model, and comparedit to both multi-layer and slab models. Our single-layer model has thefollowing features: (a) It is a column model of energy and momentumexchange between an urban surface and the atmosphere, (b) it includesthe influence of street canyons, which are parameterized to representthe urban geometry, (c) it includes shadowing from buildings andreflection of radiation, and (d) it estimates both the surfacetemperatures of, and heat fluxes from, three surface types: roof, wall,and road. In the simulation of the single-layer model, the roof washottest during the daytime, but coolest from midnight to early morning.This is consistent with output from the multi-layer model and fieldobservations at a residential area on a clear, summer day. The diurnalvariation of the energy budget from the single-layer model agrees wellwith that from the multi-layer model. Our single-layer model'sperformance is nearly that of a multi-layer model for studyingmesoscale heat islands. Nevertheless, it is simply parameterized,and thus easily included in larger-scale atmospheric models. The slabmodel has the largest nighttime cooling rate of the three models. Toovercome this, it needs more adjustments than for the canopy models.     

Restrictions on Deep Flow Across the Shelf-break and the Role of Submarine Canyons in Facilitating such Flow

The shelf-break acts as a separator between the coastal ocean and the open ocean. Circulation (particularly deep near-bottom flow) is restricted from crossing the bathymetry. Eddies become elongated in the region of the shelf-break restricting exchange. An estimate of the horizontal eddy diffusivity over the shelf-break of less than 10m²s^-1 is found from a numerical model. Various mechanisms are responsible for the weak cross-isobath flow that does occur. One is the increase of the Rossby number over small-scale topography such as submarine canyons. Along-shore flow (in the direction opposite to Kelvin wave propagation) generates upwelling through submarine canyons. A review of upwelling through submarine canyons is given. The deep cross-shelf flow generated by the canyons is shown to be as significant as the wind-driven upwelling in some regions. Examples for the reduction of flow across the shelf-break and for upwelling through canyons are taken from the West Coast of Vancouver Island.     

上海“7·31”局地强对流快速更新同化数值模拟研究

利用雷达、自动气象站、飞机观测(AMDAR)和探空等多种观测资料,采用中尺度数值预报模式WRF和资料同化系统ADAS,对2011年7月31日上海局地强对流过程进行了快速更新同化数值试验。结果表明,数值试验模拟降水的发生时间、落区和随时间演变与实况基本一致,较好再现了海陆热力差异导致上海南北两支海陆风爆发、形成低层辐合线,在热岛效应的叠加下进一步增强,继而引发局地强对流的过程。快速更新同化技术可有效延长此次过程的预警时效,这为城市强对流业务预报提供了新的思路。     

城市植被对冬季气象要素影响的数值模拟研究

为认识并量化城市地区自然植被对城市气象特征的综合影响及其在不同季节的变化趋势,本文基于区域边界层模式(Regional Boundary Layer Model,RBLM),利用敏感性数值试验的方法量化评估了冬季背景下,城市植被对苏州地区气象要素的综合影响,及其在不同绿化情境下的变化特征。研究结果表明:冬季城市植被会导致气温及城市热岛强度的下降,下降幅度随着植被覆盖率的提高而增大,当市区树木覆盖率分别为0、20%和40%时,日平均城市热岛强度分别为1. 8、1. 4和1. 0℃。与苏州市真实绿化情境相比,市区树木覆盖率分别为20%和40%的理想试验方案,可以导致市区日平均气温分别下降约0. 23℃和0. 84℃。城市植被还会通过叶面及土壤表面的蒸发蒸腾作用,增加空气中的水汽含量,当市区树木覆盖率分别为0、20%和40%时,中午时空气比湿分别为2. 46、2. 61和2. 78 g·kg~(-1)。相同覆盖率条件下,草地绿化方案对气温和空气湿度的影响要明显弱于树木。城市植被会对区域地表能量平衡过程产生明显影响,使到达地面的太阳辐射减少,地面温度降低。当树木覆盖率分别为0、20%和40%时,中午地表净辐射通量最大值分别为433、382和332 W·m~(-2)。地面温度的下降以及植被、土壤的蒸发蒸腾作用,使感热减少,潜热增加。自然植被对城市气象要素的影响在冬季要明显弱于夏季。     

Adaptation of Pressure Based CFD Solvers for Mesoscale Atmospheric Problems

General purpose Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers are frequently used in small-scale urban pollution dispersion simulations without a large extent of ver- tical flow. Vertical flow, however, plays an important role in the formation of local breezes, such as urban heat island induced breezes that have great significance in the ventilation of large cities. The effects of atmospheric stratification, anelasticity and Coriolis force must be taken into account in such simulations. We introduce a general method for adapting pressure based CFD solvers to atmospheric flow simulations in order to take advantage of their high flexibility in geometrical modelling and meshing. Compressibility and thermal stratification effects are taken into account by utilizing a novel system of transformations of the field variables and by adding consequential source terms to the model equations of incompressible flow. Phenomena involving mesoscale to microscale coupled effects can be analyzed without model nesting, applying only local grid refinement of an arbitrary level. Elements of the method are validated against an analytical solution, results of a reference calculation, and a laboratory scale urban heat island circulation experiment. The new approach can be applied with benefits to several areas of application. Inclusion of the moisture transport phenomena and the surface energy balance are important further steps towards the practical application of the method.     

多层沉积凹陷地形对平面SH波散射问题的解析解

利用波函数展开法给出了含多个沉积层凹陷地形对平面SH波散射二维问题的一个解析解,并以一具有3个沉积层的凹陷地形为例,分析了凹陷地形中沉积层排列次序对SH波散射的影响。结果表明,凹陷地形中沉积层排列次序将显著改变凹陷地形的卓越频率,沉积层的某个（些）排列次序有可能对入射波产生巨大的放大作用;此外,沉积层的刚度、厚度以及凹陷地形的深宽比等均对凹陷地形的放大效应也有一定的影响。     

国外都市农业发展经验对我国的启示

国外都市农业发展较早,积累了相当多的经验,而我国都市农业仍属新生事物。笔者简要介绍了日本、德国、新加坡和荷兰发展都市农业的成功做法和经验,进一步分析了都市农业的基本功能,并结合我国国情提出了六个方面的措施与建议,即:科学规划,合理布局;加强政府对都市农业的支持力度;拓宽投资、融资渠道;提高都市农业的科技含量,扩大都市农业园区的规模;高度重视观光休闲农业的建设和发展;加强宣传,转变观念。     

近百余年上海气温变化的若干特征

本文根据1873—1990年上海的年、冬、夏平均气温资料,并利用1956—1990年其郊区气温资料,对城市热岛效应对气温的影响作了处理,重建了近118a的上海气温序列。在此基础上对上海的气温变化特征进行分析,并与同期的北半球气温变化作了比较。结果表明,上海的气温变化有其明显的阶段性、跃变性和周期性。近百余年上海气温变化的总体特征与北半球相似,呈缓慢变暖趋势,但具体的变化过程和幅度有差别,尤其近20多年来的变化与北半球不一致,没有明显的增温现象。     

城市地表饮用水源保护研究进展

城市水资源短缺和地表饮有水污染已成为全球范围的重大问题和人类社会共同关注的焦点。城市地表饮用水源的保护已越来越受到人们的重视,它的研究应该在城市地表饮用水源的科学管理和保护中发挥重要的作用。对国内外地表饮用水源保护研究现状和地表饮用水源保护现状进行综述,同时重点分析和讨论了国内外研究存在的不足,提出城市地表饮用水源保护的未来研究重点。     

我国沿海地区城市群可持续发展问题探析--以山东半岛城市群为例

提出我国沿海地区城市群在实现可持续发展过程中所面临的问题,并以山东半岛城市群为例,从地区的经济结构、生态环境、资源利用、基础设施等方面,分析制约其可持续发展的因子,最后提出了几点看法,建议。