江苏一次突发暴雨的数值模拟

采用中尺度WRF模式（WRF3．4）和WRF-3DVAR系统,同化GTS常规观测资料和GPS反演的探空廓线资料,对2012年8月10日发生在江苏东北部地区的一次突发性特大暴雨进行数值模拟,并利用高分辨率的模式输出数据对此次暴雨过程进行多尺度分析和对流不稳定性研究。结果表明：模拟结果较好地再现了此次过程;台风低压和中纬度槽脊系统相互作用,中低层弱冷空气扩散和高、低空急流耦合为此次暴雨过程提供了有利的大尺度背景;地面中尺度辐合线和迅速发展的β中尺度对流系统（M8CS）是直接导致此次局地突发性暴雨的中尺度系统,地面中尺度辐合线的位置和暴雨的落区基本一致,M8CS的强烈发展对应于暴雨的最强阶段;暴雨发生前和暴雨发生时,对流系统中等日。线密集而陡峭,不稳定能量的突然性释放造成αθ／Oz迅速减小,口。垂直剖面呈伸向低空的“漏斗状”分布,有利于垂直涡度和对流不稳定发展。     

上对流层/下平流层水物质分布与输送特征

基于Aura卫星微波临边探测仪（MLS）探测的水汽、冰水含量和温度等资料,对比分析了夏季亚洲季风区与北美季风区、暖池区以及伊朗高原上对流层/下平流层水汽、冰水含量以及水物质总含量（水汽和冰水含量之和）的分布特征,并探讨了不同区域水汽的输送过程。结果表明：在215-83 hPa高度上水物质总含量在亚洲季风区均出现了高值中心,且亚洲季风区水物质总含量明显大于北美季风区;在215 hPa高度水汽对水物质总含量起主要的贡献,而到了147-83 hPa高度,冰水含量与水汽对水物质总含量的贡献大致相当,亚洲季风区上对流层/下平流层水汽的高值中心揭示了反气旋对水汽的隔离作用。水汽混合比在147 hPa和100 hPa高度不同的概率密度分布反映出不同高度影响水汽输送的不同因素。北半球冬季暖池区100 hPa上空温度极低,水汽混合比峰值概率仅为2 ppmv;而在147 hPa高度上,亚洲季风区频繁的深对流使得大量水汽被输送到对流层上层,这是亚洲季风区水汽概率“长尾”分布的主要原因。在100 hPa和147 hPa高度,冰水含量主要集中在小值,可能是由冰晶粒子消耗水汽而增长到一定尺度后沉降造成的。     

基于Extrapolation Tikhonov正则化算法的重力数据三维约束反演

通过研究重力数据三维反演解的病态性,利用基于拉格朗日插值方法的Extrapolation Tikhonov正则化方法来解决反演中解的不唯一性和不稳定性问题,该方法最大限度的减少了因正则化参数的引入而在反演结果中介入的误差,同时详细讨论了基于三种选择原则的正则化双参数的具体选择方法,模型试算结果表明,与原Tikhonov方法相比,该方法提高了反演的拟合精度.其次,为了消除核函数随深度增加而快速衰减对反演结果的影响,本文改进了前人的重力数据三维反演深度加权函数,改进后的加权函数与原函数相比能更好的识别异常体底部密度分布特征,对于埋深较深的异常体具有较好的识别效果,更好的解决了由近地面趋肤效应作用引起的密度分布不均的问题.同时,利用上下限约束函数限制每一个立方体的密度差范围,并应用于多组人工合成模型.结果表明:该反演方法能准确地获得正演模型的预设参数范围和位置.     

Surface semi-geostrophic dynamics in the ocean

The surface quasi-geostrophic approximation is re-written in an oceanic context using the two-dimensional semi-geostrophic approximation. The new formulation allows to take into account the presence of out-of-balance flow features at scales comparable to or smaller than the Rossby radius of deformation and for small bulk Richardson numbers. Analytical solutions show that, while the surface quasi-geostrophic approximation tends to underestimate the buoyancy anomaly, the inclusion of finite Rossby number allows for larger values of the buoyancy anomaly at depth. The projection of the surface semi-geostrophic solution on the first baroclinic modes is calculated. The result of the projection is a functional form that decreases with the values of the Rossby number and toward smaller scales. Solutions for constant and exponential profile for the background potential vorticity are compared. Results of the comparison show that, in agreement with the results found for balanced flows, even for large Rossby number the exponential profile for the background potential vorticity retains smaller values for the buoyancy anomaly at depth than the solution found using a constant potential vorticity profile.     

Diachronic metamorphic and structural evolution of the Connecticut Valley–Gaspé trough,Northern Appalachians

The Connecticut Valley–Gaspé (CVG) trough represents a major, orogen-scale Silurian–Devonian basin of the Northern Appalachians. From Gaspé Peninsula to southern New England, the CVG trough has experienced a contrasting metamorphic and structural evolution during the Acadian orogeny. Along its strike, the CVG trough is characterized by increasing strain and polyphase structures, and by variations in the intensity of regional metamorphism and contrasting abundance of c. 390–370 Ma granitic intrusions. In southern Quebec and northern Vermont, a series of NW–SE transects across the CVG trough have been studied in order to better understand these along-strike variations. Detailed structural analyses, combined with phase equilibria modelling, Raman spectrometry, and muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating highlight a progressive and incremental deformation involving south–north variation in the timing of metamorphism. Deformation evolves from a D₁ crustal thickening event which originates in Vermont and progresses to southern Québec where it peaked at 0.6 GPa/380°C at c. 375 Ma. This was followed by a D₂ event associated with continuous burial in Vermont from 378 to 355 Ma, which produced peak metamorphic conditions of 0.85 GPa/380°C and exhumation in Quebec from 368 to 360 Ma. The D₃ compressional exhumation event also evolved from south to north from 345 to 335 Ma. D₁ to D₃ deformation events form part of a continuum with an along-strike propagation rate of ~50 km/Ma During D₁, the burial depth varied by more than 15 km between southern Quebec and Vermont, and this can be attributed to the occurrence of a major crustal indenter, the Bronson Hill Arc massif, in the New England segment of the Acadian collision zone.     

To Move or not to Move: Community Members’ Reaction to Surface Mining Activities in the Upper West Region of Ghana

Abstract

Despite the impact of mining-induced environmental change on community livability, we know little about how disparities in knowledge of health risks associated with mining influence residents’ response, especially in an already environmentally stressed context. Guided by theoretical insights from solastalgia, we examined residents’ decision to relocate due to increasing gold mining activities in the fragile Northern Savannah Ecological Zone of Ghana. Fitting complementary log-log regression models to cross-sectional data from the Upper West Region (UWR) of Ghana, we found that residents with limited knowledge of potential health impacts of mining and those who believe mining activities were not meeting environmental standards were more likely to consider relocating. Given the centrality of land in community health and wellbeing in the UWR, Ghana’s mining guidelines should promote local participation in the regulation of mining activities and guarantee the rights of indigenes to livable native lands.     

Seasonal variation of upper layer circulation in the northern part of the East/Japan Sea

Seasonal variation of upper layer circulation in the northern part of the East/Japan Sea and its mechanism were investigated using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis with satellite sea surface heights over the northern East/Japan Sea and a three-dimensional circulation model. The spatial structure and temporal variation of first EOF mode, which explains about 64% of the total variance, indicate that a large cyclonic circulation in the northern East/Japan Sea shows a semi-annual variation with maximum strength in summer and winter. According to numerical model result, the Liman Cold Current, accepted as a major current in the northern East/Japan Sea, is well mixed vertically by the winter monsoon and the current in the upper layer has a relatively deep structure, with a maximum westward speed of about 20 cm/s in winter. On the other hand, in summer the current has a stronger baroclinic structure of velocity than in winter. Numerical experiments showed that in summer the temporal variation of upper layer circulation is controlled by thermal forcing, such as sea surface heat flux and inflow of heat transport into the East/Japan Sea through the Korea/Tsushima Strait. Moreover, the cyclonic circulation in the upper layer of the northern East/Japan Sea is also generated and strengthened by the positive wind stress curl occupying most of the East/Japan Sea during the winter. The seasonal variation of each forcing that drives the circulation is responsible for the strength or weakness of the upper layer circulation in the northern East/Japan Sea. The contribution of each forcing to the seasonal variation of the upper layer circulation is examined through sensitivity experiments. According to these numerical experiments, the upper layer circulation in the northern East/Japan Sea is strengthened twice a year, in winter and summer, and this semi-annual variation is determined by a combination of wind (winter) and thermal (summer) forcing.     

汉江上游谷地全新世风成黄土及其成壤改造特征

对汉江上游郧县-郧西段一级阶地物质上堆积的黄土状覆盖层的剖面构型、粒度、矿物组合、元素分布、微形态及形成时代进行了研究,并与渭河谷地全新世黄土-古土壤序列对比。结果表明,这些“黄土状覆盖层”是晚更新世以来沙尘暴在区内连续堆积的结果,具有TS-L₀-S₀-L_t-L₁-AD剖面构型;这些风积物在不同时期受到了不同程度的成壤改造作用,晚更新世受到弱成壤改造→全新世中期受到强烈成壤改造→全新世晚期较弱成壤改造。汉江上游地区在晚更新世末期(11500 a BP),气候比较冷湿,沙尘暴频繁出现,形成较厚的黄土层L₁;全新世初期(11500-8500 a BP),气候从冷湿向暖湿方向转变,沙尘暴活动减弱,形成了过渡黄土层位L_t;全新世中期(8500-3000 a BP),气候达到全新世最为暖湿的阶段,沙尘暴沉积物受到强烈成壤改造而形成了古土壤S₀;全新世晚期(3000 a BP以来),气候暖湿程度降低,越过秦岭的沙尘暴又明显增强,形成了近代黄土L₀。     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川雷达测厚和冰下地形特征研究

冰川地形是构建冰川流动模型的基础,对于认识冰川响应气候变化的动力机制具有重要意义.在2009年和2014年消融季,使用探地雷达对祁连山老虎沟12号冰川进行了厚度测量和冰下地形观测,获得了沿冰川中流线和多条横剖面的厚度资料,并对中流线上的厚度分布特征和槽谷形态进行了研究.研究结果表明,东、西支冰川的平均厚度分别为190m和150m,东支冰川冰下地形起伏大于西支,支冰川的表面坡度都较缓和.东、西支冰川进入汇合区时厚度分别为122m和157m,由于支冰川的横向挤压和汇流,汇合区中部冰川厚度增加到162m.冰川槽谷形态具有空间差异,东、西支冰川槽谷形态近似于对称的V型,但是在冰川汇合区,槽谷底部变宽,边坡变缓,发育有不对称槽谷.     

遥感环形构造与化探异常关系有内蒙古扎赉河农场异常区的应用

通过对测区遥感解译环形构造与1：5万土壤地球化学测量元素异常产生的叠加关系进行分析比较,认为具有叠置、套合关系的环形构造和元素异常具有相同的内在地质成因关系。选择测区内扎赉河农场Cu多金属元素异常区开展野外地质调查验证,在两者交集部位发现了（黄铁矿、孔雀石、黄铜矿）矿化构造蚀变岩（带）.这一实践过程为区域地质找矿工作早期确定元素异常矿化位置起到了标示作用.