后人文主义视角下的中国地缘政治话语研究

援引后人文主义地理学作为批判地缘政治学的一个延续,以《人民日报》纸媒和官方微博为例,采用NVivo分析和对比分析的方法探讨了“美国反恐”这个当代热点地缘政治话题在两个不同媒体空间被呈现的形式。基于后人文主义思潮对物质的关注,讨论了“人”及其地缘环境认知是否受“物质”(在文中具化为网络技术)影响而动摇其在理解“人地关系”过程中的支配地位。研究发现：一方面网络技术多线参与和呈指数型信息传播的特征使得网络空间出现了多元化的声音并最终呈现出多元和复杂的网络地缘政治景观;另一方面,网络技术迫使当代媒体追求“快”和“新”从而摒弃了传统媒体所强调的权威、真实和逻辑性,取而代之的是情绪化的话语表述,呼应了后人文主义地理学对人以外的要素的关注,讨论了网络技术作为一种物质要素对“人地关系”认知的影响。研究证实,受网络技术及其带来的信息革命的影响,它在一定程度上确实能够对具有主体性的人的地缘认识产生影响。     

Vascoceras (Greenhornoceras) birchbyi Cobban & Scott from the Greenhorn Limestone (Lower Turonian) of Central Kansas

The Early Turonian ammonite, Vascoceras (Greenhornoceras) birchbyi Cobban & Scott, has been recorded at nine additional localities in Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico. Most significant is discovery of a specimen in Russell County, Kansas, that doubles the known longitudinal range of the species in the U.S. Western Interior. The species occurs in a single, thin, time-parallel limestone bed that apparently was deposited during a peak pulse of the Cenomanian-Turonian transgression.     

Evaluation of stony coral indicators for coral reef management

Colonies of reef-building stony corals at 57 stations around St. Croix, US Virgin Islands were characterized by species, size and percentage of living tissue. Taxonomic, biological and physical indicators of coral condition were derived from these measurements and assessed for their response to gradients of human disturbance—a requirement for indicators used in regulatory assessments under authority of the Clean Water Act. At the most intensely disturbed location, five of eight primary indicators were highly correlated with distance from the source of disturbance: Coral taxa richness, average colony size, the coefficient of variation of colony size, total topographic coral surface area, and live coral surface area. An additional set of exploratory indicators related to rarity, reproductive and spawning mode and taxonomic identity were also screened. The primary indicators demonstrated sufficient precision to detect levels of change that would be applicable in a regional-scale regulatory program.     

Distribution and abundance of anthropogenic marine debris along the shelf and slope of the US West Coast

As marine debris levels continue to grow worldwide, defining sources, composition, and distribution of debris, as well as potential effects, becomes increasingly important. We investigated composition and abundance of man-made, benthic marine debris at 1347 randomly selected stations along the US West Coast during Groundfish Bottom Trawl Surveys in 2007 and 2008. Anthropogenic debris was observed in 469 tows at depths of 55-1280 m. Plastic and metallic debris occurred in the greatest number of hauls followed by fabric and glass. Mean density was 67.1 items km⁻² throughout the study area but was significantly higher south of 36°00′N latitude. Mean density significantly increased with depth, ranging from 30 items km⁻² in shallow (55-183 m) water to 128 items km⁻² in the deepest depth stratum (550-1280 m). Debris densities observed along the US West Coast were comparable to those seen elsewhere and provide a valuable backdrop for future comparisons.     

Restoring environmental flows through adaptive reservoir management: planning,science, and implementation through the Sustainable Rivers Project

Abstract

River managers worldwide are increasingly addressing flow needs for ecosystem processes and services in their management plans for dams and reservoirs. However, while planning and scientific assessments have advanced substantially, successful re-operation of infrastructure to achieve environmental benefits has been more limited. The Sustainable Rivers Project (SRP) was formalized in 2002, as a national partnership between the United States Army Corps of Engineers and The Nature Conservancy to define and implement environmental flows through adaptive reservoir management. The project has focused on eight demonstration basins containing 36 Corps dams, but is designed to direct the collective experience from these sites to help guide agency-wide operational changes for as many as 600 dams to benefit up to 80 000 river kilometres and tens of thousands of hectares of related floodplain and estuarine habitat. This article summarizes the progress to date on defining and implementing environmental flows through the SRP, and evaluates the technical, social, legal, and institutional factors that act as dominant enabling conditions and constraints to implementation.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Guest editor M. Acreman     

From krill to convenience stores: Forecasting the economic and ecological effects of fisheries management on the US West Coast

There is a need to better understand the linkages between marine ecosystems and the human communities and economies that depend on these systems. Here those linkages are drawn for the California Current on the US West Coast, by combining a fishery ecosystem model (Atlantis) with an economic model (IO-PAC) that traces how changes in seafood landings impact the broader economy. The potential effects of broad fisheries management options are explored, including status quo management, switching effort from trawl to other gears, and spatial management scenarios. Relative to Status Quo, the other scenarios here involved short-term ex-vessel revenue losses, primarily to the bottom trawl fleet. Other fleets, particularly the fixed gear fleet that uses pots and demersal longlines, gained revenue in some scenarios, though spatial closures of Rockfish Conservation Areas reduced revenue to fixed gear fleets. Processor and wholesaler revenue tracked trends in the bottom trawl fleet, which accounted for 58% of total landings by value. Income impacts (employee compensation and earnings of business owners) on the broader economy mirrored the revenue trends. The long-term forecast (15 years) from the Atlantis ecosystem model predicted substantial stock rebuilding and increases in fleet catch. The 15 year projection of Status Quo suggested an additional ∼$27 million in revenue for the fisheries sectors, and an additional $23 million in income and 385 jobs in the broader economy, roughly a 25% increase. Linking the ecological and economic models here has allowed evaluation of fishery management policies using multiple criteria, and comparison of potential economic and conservation trade-offs that stem from management actions.     

An improved “benchmark” method for estimating particle settling velocities from time-series sediment trap fluxes

A new method, based on fitting Fourier series to time-series (TS) data from sediment traps, was developed to estimate the settling velocities (SVs) of sinking particles in the open ocean. This new method was applied to data from MedFlux, as well as from the US JGOFS NABE, EqPac, and ASPS studies. Fluxes of mass and of four chemical tracers, as well as the molar ratios of the latter, were plotted on logarithmic scales; Fourier series were then fit to these data. In each case we determined the most likely settling velocity using a likelihood-based nonlinear fitting algorithm. Variation among estimates using single tracers was significantly less than variation using tracer ratios; we therefore concluded that estimates based on single tracers are to be preferred to estimates based on tracer ratios. Our results also showed no obvious differences among SVs estimated using different single tracers. The best estimate of settling velocity using single-tracer fluxes with good temporal resolution (i.e. for sites with cup rotation times 8.5 days) is 205 m/d, with standard deviation 74 m/d. For MedFlux data alone (which have a resolution of 4–6 days), the estimate is 220±65 m/d. This latter value is within 10% of the estimate of average settling velocity (242±31 m/d) made using MedFlux IRS traps in “settling velocity” mode.     

环境生态系统散落核素示踪研究新进展

环境生态系统中的放射性核素既具有生态毒性,对生物和人体健康产生重要影响,又具有稳定的衰变函数和输入通量,对环境生态系统具有重要示踪价值。人类可利用放射性核素来认识环境生态系统:①环境生态系统中放射性核素的基准:放射性强度与环境生态系统之间的平衡关系;②环境生态系统中放射性核素的行为:在环境生态系统不同宿体和组分间的运移关系。考察放射性核素在生态系统不同环节中比活度的变化有助于认识环境生态过程生物地球化学作用的影响。       

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne .     

Environmental learning and the social construction of an exurban landscape in Fremont County, Colorado

Across the rural American West, the restructuring of rural capitalism has transformed production landscapes into those increasingly structured by the development and consumption of natural and cultural amenities. This project used principles from symbolic interactionism, ethnographic methods, and the analytical framework of regional political ecology to understand the role of environmental learning in negotiating the new management regime associated with amenity-based capitalism in rural Fremont County, Colorado. The study found that most amenity residents participate regularly in social learning about the environment through a variety of interpersonal and organizational behaviors. In addition, they are responding collectively to environmental risks and opportunities associated with wildfire, noxious weeds and invasive grass species, prospective uranium mining, and restoration of cultural-landscape features. Ultimately, the practices of environmental learning concern how private properties and assets will be managed relative to the social construction of the environment as an amenity for personal consumption. Conservation and management prospects in this and other rural areas in the postindustrial world can be enhanced by understanding the microsociology of exurban geographies and by engaging the social forms and processes related to this distinctive landscape construction.