面向网络新闻的爬虫开发与热点新闻事件分析

Python平台开发了网络新闻爬虫,通过实验对比常用的网页数据获取方法,本文提出一种适合新闻网页的解析方式,克服了获取动态网页时源码不完整、单一方法解析网页效率低下等弊端,满足了新闻网页抓取、解析、结构化和入库存储等需求。并将新浪新闻中心作为网络新闻数据采集的目标,分析发现新浪新闻近几年的发展情况。此外,利用词频统计等手段对十九大会议新闻进行分析,直观地反映了十九大的核心人物、关键党派、热点话题变化等重要信息。     

主要发达国家地质信息服务的政策体系及其特点

信息服务政策是信息服务顺利实施的保障。美、加、澳和英国等主要发达国家的地质调查机构制定并执行了一系列的信息服务政策。这些政策规定了服务的对象、内容、定价、合作伙伴关系、信息发布、客户关系、服务质量等方面的行为准则,涵盖了实施信息服务涉及的所有主要行为,已经形成了比较完整的体系。从以下几个方面阐述了上述主要发达国家信息服务政策体系的特点:信息自由法、版权对地质信息服务的影响,比较完善的定价政策、价格体系和重视用政策、标准规范信息服务。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Vanishing Farmland Crisis, Critical Views of the Movement to Preserve Agricultural Land . John Baden Protecting Farmlands . Frederick R. Steiner and John E. Theilacker Ecological Effects of Fire in South African Ecosystems . Peter de V. Booysen and Neil M. Tainton Geography in China . Wu Chuanjun , Wang Nailiang , Lin Chao and Zhao Songqiao Resource Inventory and Baseline Study Methods for Developing Countries . Francis Conant , Peter Rogers , Marion Baumgardner , Cyrus Mc Kell , Raymond Dasmann, and Priscilla Reining Principles of Remote Sensing . Paul J. Curran Famine As A Geographical Phenomenon . Bruce Currey and Graeme Hugo The Suburban Squeeze: Land Conversion and Regulation in the San Francisco Bay Area . David E. Dowall Senses of Place . John Eyles Uneven Development and the Geographical Transfer of Value . D. K. Forbes and P. J. Rimmer Issues in Wilderness Management . Michael Frome Land-use and Prehistory in South-east Spain , The London Research Series in Geography 8. Antonio Gilman and John B. Thornes with Stephen Wise Regions in Question, Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy . Charles Gore The Colorado River: Instability and Basin Management . William L. Graf Hazardous Waste Sites: The Credibility Gap . Michael R. Greenberg and Richard F. Anderson Peasants, Subsistence Ecology, and Development in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea . Lawrence S. Grossman Silver Cities: The Photography of American Urbanization, 1839-1915 Peter B. Hales Silicon Landscapes . Peter Hall and Ann Markusen Remaking Ibieca: Rural Life in Aragon under Franco . Susan F. Harding The European Energy Challenge: East and West . George W. Hoffman The Global Climate . John T. Houghton The Urban Jobless in Eastern Africa . Abel G. M. Ishumi . The Tourist: Travel in Twentieth-Century North America . John A. Jakle City and Society: An Outline for Urban Geography . R. J. Johnston Residential Segregation, The State and Constitutional Conflict in American Urban Areas . R. J. Johnston Accessibility and Utilization: Geographical Perspectives on Health Care Delivery . Alun E. Joseph and David R. Phillips To the Heart of Asia: The Life of Sven Hedin . George Kish North American Culture , Vol 1. Ary J. Lamme III Past and Present in the Americas: A Compendium of Recent Studies . John Lynch Ethnicity in Contemporary America: A Geographical Appraisal . Jesse O. Mc Kee The Shell Countryside Book . Richard Muir and Eric Duffey 1990 Planning Conference Series. Proceedings of the National Geographic Areas Conference . Proceedings of the Regional Geographic Areas Conferences Wood, Brick, and Stone: The North American Settlement Landscape . Vol. 2: Barns and Farm Structures . Allen G. Noble Bangladesh: Biography of a Muslim Nation . Charles Peter O'donnell     

Automated extraction of hydrographically corrected contours for the conterminous United States: the US Geological Survey US Topo product

The US Topo is a new generation of digital topographic maps delivered by the US Geological Survey (USGS). These maps include contours in the traditional 7.5-min quadrangle format. The process for producing digital elevation contours has evolved over several years, but automated production of contours for the US Topo product began in 2010. This process, which is quite complex yet fairly elegant, automatically chooses the proper USGS quadrangle, captures the corresponding 1/3 as grid points from the national elevation data set (3D Elevation Program), and adjusts elevation data to better fit water features from the National Hydrography Dataset. After additional processing, such as identifying and tagging depressions, constructing proper contours across double-line streams, and omitting contours from water bodies, contours are automatically produced for the quadrangle. The resulting contours are then compared to the contours on the original (legacy) topographic map sheets, or to the 10-m contours from the original map sheets. Where the elevation surface used to generate the contours has been derived from the previously published contours for a quadrangle, the generated contours match the legacy contours quite well. Where newer elevation sources, such as lidar, originate the elevation surface, generated contours may vary significantly from the previous cartographically produced contours due to more accurate representations of the surface, and less reliance on cartographic interpretation.     

中美在南亚地缘影响力的时空演变及机制

南亚是中美两国重要的地缘战略区,无论是对中国海上运输的安全和西部边疆的稳定,还是对美国实施"亚太再平衡"战略,都有着十分重要的作用。如何解析中美在南亚地缘影响力的变化及演变机制,是需要解决的关键科学问题。结合地理学、国际关系学和政治学研究视角,采用数学建模方法,构建国家地缘影响力的指标体系和模型,选取南亚为研究区域,探讨中美在南亚地缘影响力的时空演变,探寻地缘影响力演变的影响因素以及驱动机制。结果表明:1近10年,中美在南亚的地缘影响力在小幅波动中呈逐年上升趋势。从增幅比率看,中国在南亚地缘影响力的增速要比美国快。2国家地缘影响力演变是一个缓慢过程。2003-2012年间,中美在南亚国家和地区的地缘影响力变化幅度不大。3硬实力、软实力、相互依赖力和摩擦力是地缘影响力演变的主要影响因素。其中,硬实力和软实力是主导因素,起拉力作用;相互依赖力是辅助因素,起推力作用;而摩擦力是弱化因素,起反向力作用。4中美在南亚地缘影响力演变的驱动力包括地缘区位、地缘政治、地缘经济和地缘文化。地缘区位是国家地缘影响力演变的制约力,地缘政治是主导力,地缘经济是驱动力,地缘文化是辐射力。5国家硬实力不等于地缘影响力,国家硬实力强并不能代表其对外的地缘影响力就高,两者是非线性关系。硬实力虽起主导作用,但不能决定地缘影响力变化的强度和速度。     

Implementing the Kyoto Protocol without the USA: the strategic role of energy tax adjustments at the border

Abstract

This article explores options for countries that have ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and that intend to implement ambitious climate protection strategies—the ‘Kyoto coalition’—to deal with possible comparative disadvantages vis-à-vis third parties, in particular industrialized countries that do not adhere to the Kyoto Protocol. Specifically, the article focuses on the instrument of border adjustments for energy taxes. We outline the rationale for such adjustments and examine in detail whether certain border adjustments for energy taxes would be permissible under world trade law, in particular the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. We conclude that despite remaining ambiguity in both the legal provisions and the pertinent case law, border tax adjustments are under certain circumstances compatible with world trade law. Yet, given persisting legal uncertainty, it seems likely that affected members of the World Trade Organization would challenge such energy tax adjustments at the border before the WTO dispute settlement mechanism.     

Empowering farmers with remote sensing knowledge: A success story from the US Upper Midwest

Satellite imagery has proven potential in farm level applications, especially in the US Upper Midwest where the farm sizes are large enough to be studied using high and medium resolutions. In order for farmers to use this technology to improve their productivity and income, it is imperative that they be sufficiently exposed to the technology so that they are able to take full advantage of it. Training of farmers and ranchers in satellite imagery use started at the University of North Dakota in 2000 and has been refined over time. The basic ‘hands on’ training involves downloading imagery from the Upper Midwest Aerospace Consortium (UMAC) website, downloading and use of free visualization software programs available on the web and an introduction to the various application possibilities. Advanced training, which involves more complex extraction of useful information from digital images, is also available to those who complete the basic training. Over 500 farmers, ranchers, crop consultants and other end users have been trained through this programme and the results are beginning to show through the success stories of cost savings and environmental benefits that have emerged.     

Volume per capita as a useful measure of residential space

Residential overcrowding has remained a persistent, low-level phenomenon in the United States over the past 30 years, and has been linked to negative personal health outcomes. A household is typically considered overcrowded if it has more than one person per room (PPR). The PPR measure, however, ignores variations in room size and does not accurately measure residential living space. To remedy this issue, we introduce volume per capita (VPC), a new measure that combines census, land use and building data to quantify the amount of residential space per person in cubic footage. We find that VPC correlates with three distinct measures of PPR (r² = 0.05–0.26), but has no relationship to population density. This suggests that PPR and VPC capture different aspects of living conditions, and that VPC provides a more direct measure residential space. In addition, because VPC can be calculated at the fine-grained spatial resolution of census blocks, it is an ideal measure by which to quantify residential space and understand overcrowding within metropolitan areas.     

“Phasic” metropolitan settlers: a phase-based model for the distribution of households in US metropolitan regions

In this article, we develop a model for explaining spatial patterns in the distribution of households across metropolitan regions in the United States. First, we use housing consumption and residential mobility theories to construct a hypothetical probability distribution function for the consumption of housing services across three phases of household life span. We then hypothesize a second probability distribution function for the offering of housing services based on the distance from city center(s) at the metropolitan scale. Intersecting the two hypothetical probability functions, we develop a phase-based model for the distribution of households in US metropolitan regions. We argue that phase one households (young adults) are more likely to reside in central city locations, whereas phase two and three households are more likely to select suburban locations, due to their respective housing consumption behaviors. We provide empirical validation of our theoretical model with the data from the 2010 US Census for 35 large metropolitan regions.     

Circuits of scrap: closed loop industrial ecosystems and the geography of US international recyclable material flows 1995–2005

The recycling of scrap material has been identified as an important strategy in the larger theory of industrial ecology. Industrial ecology argues that the traditional model of industrial activity needs to be transformed into a 'closed loop' industrial ecosystem where used materials (scrap) and by-products would substitute for virgin materials during production processes. The recycling of scrap material forms part of this larger effort to reduce the overall environmental impact of production and consumption. A key, but as yet, unresolved question in this process is the geographic scale (local, regional, national, global) at which loop closing should take place. This preliminary empirical research examines the export and import geography of the seven largest (by weight) US scrap commodities (iron and steel, paper, plastics, aluminium, copper, nickel and zinc) between 1995 and 2005 to ascertain the extent to which US scrap flows overseas and how that might affect our understanding of how material loops can close. Other than an integrated export and import relationship with Canada, the results suggest that there are two distinct circuits of scrap flows in the USA. The USA exports a substantial portion of the recyclable scrap generated each year to rapidly developing countries, while importing smaller quantities of scrap from the EU. With the major exception of exporting higher value iron and steel scrap to China, the US tends to export lower value scrap and import higher value scrap. In part this reflects imbalances in the supply and demand for scrap between the USA and the developing world, the lack of potentially available scrap and the absence of a robust recycling infrastructure in the developing world. Although such scrap circuits are probably not ideal, the use of US scrap in the developing world is both a realistic and preferable alternative in the short to medium term than virgin production.