Experimental characterization,design and modelling of the RBRL seismic‐isolation system for lightweight structures

The Rolling‐Ball Rubber‐Layer (RBRL) system was developed to enable seismic isolation of lightweight structures, such as special equipment or works of art, and is very versatile, a great range of equivalent natural frequencies and coefficients of damping being achievable through choice of the system parameters. The necessity to have a simple and effective design procedure has led to a new parametric experimentation at Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (TARRC) on the rolling behaviour of the RBRL system and load–deflection behaviour of the recentering springs. The experimental results, together with theories for the rolling resistance of a loaded steel ball on a thin rubber layer and the lateral load–deflection behaviour of cylindrical rubber springs, are used to develop a general design method for the RBRL system, which allows the system to be tailored to the specific application. Sinusoidal test results are presented for the small‐deflection behaviour of the system, influenced by the presence of a viscoelastic depression on the rubber tracks beneath each ball, and an amplitude‐dependent time‐domain model is proposed, based on these results and on the steady‐state behaviour of the system. The model is validated through comparison with previously performed shaking‐table tests. Attention is here restricted to uniaxial behaviour. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西北太平洋海岛地区地震背景噪声特征及海洋学解释

地震背景噪声特性及噪声源的分布研究逐渐成为深化背景噪声层析成像的关键问题.海岛地区由于特殊的地理位置,其背景噪声具有相对独特的特征.地脉动（约0.003~1 Hz）是地震背景噪声中能量最强的分量,其激发与特性被认为与海浪运动和固体地球之间的相互作用有关,但海岛地区地脉动特征与海洋波浪场之间的关系尚未被充分研究.本文利用西北太平洋海岛地震台站的连续记录数据、波浪浮标的实测数据以及WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ海浪模式的数值模拟结果,通过地震学和海洋学的交叉,分析海岛地区地脉动信号的时频特性及其与海洋波浪场之间的相关性,从海洋学角度对地脉动信号的特征及激发进行探讨与解释.结果表明,海岛地区地脉动信号相对于内陆地区更强,并具有明显且稳定的季节性变化特征：高频地脉动信号（0.12~0.32 Hz）在夏秋季节（5月-10月）相对较弱,而在冬春季节（11月-次年4月）相对较强,与北半球海洋活动季节性变化相一致.此外,海岛地区地脉动主要受周边海域波浪场影响,与周边海域波浪能功率密度及实测和数值模拟所得的有效波高均具有很好的互相关性.该研究结果同时表明可进一步发展利用地脉动观测数据反演海表波浪场的可能,为海洋科学研究中海表波浪场连续观测数据的获取提供地震学上的支持.     

利用GPS与环境负荷形变数据研究台风引起的垂向地表位移

台风造成的强降雨、低气压、海面高度变化均会引起地表的形变.本文利用中国大陆构造环境监测网(陆态网)7个GPS台站每日的垂向位移和环境负荷形变模型分析2018年9月10—26日台风"山竹"期间不同负荷引起的区域垂向地表形变.结果表明,台风期间大气负荷和非潮汐海洋负荷垂向形变最大分别达到5.1 mm和-9.2 mm.模型能较好地反映河流区域地表水文负荷变化造成的垂向形变,但不同模型之间存在系统偏差.由于缺少地下水等信息,模型反映负荷长期形变效应的效果不佳,且形变的量级明显小于GPS观测的结果.迅速增加的水文负荷使北海GPS站从开始下沉到最低点(-15.6 mm)5天的下沉量达到25.7 mm;珠海、广州GPS站均观测到河流汇水作用造成地表的二次下沉,且珠海站一周后才抬升到正常位置;湛江和北海GPS站能较好地反映河流水位变化,相关系数分别为-0.66和-0.50.研究结果表明,相比于形变模型,GPS能更有效地监测台风短期水文负荷形变,可为台风洪水等灾害监测与预报提供有用的信息.     

典型厄尔尼诺期间台风降水δ18O变化分析: 以2018年22号台风“山竹”为例

台风因其特殊的物理结构, 带来的降雨有别于一般的暴雨事件, 其降水稳定同位素组成与一般的大气降水事件也有较大的差异。本文根据2018年第22号台风“山竹”登陆前后广州、东莞两地气象资料和每小时间隔的降水样品收集, 分析了此次台风在两地的降水稳定同位素变化特征及其影响因素。台风“山竹”影响期间, 广州降水δ¹⁸O值变化范围为-5.7‰~-19.2‰, 变化幅度达13.5‰, 其平均值为-15.5‰; 东莞降水δ¹⁸O值变化范围为-7.3‰~-20.0‰, 变化幅度达12.7‰, 平均值为-14.8‰; 两地降水δ¹⁸O值均呈现为3个阶段倒U型的变化特征。受到蒸发作用的影响, 两地台风前端和尾端的降水氧同位素值相对偏正, 其中广州为-5.7‰~-9.3‰, 东莞为-7.3‰~-8.1‰。两地台风中端的降水稳定同位素值极端偏负, δ¹⁸O值变化范围分别为-16.0‰~-19.2‰(广州)和-13.0‰~-20.0‰(东莞), 是该地区迄今为止已报道的最为偏负的降水δ¹⁸O值。分析认为, 在厄尔尼诺状态下生成的远源台风“山竹”强度增强, 其内部具有更强的对流和水汽循环过程, 导致降水δ¹⁸O值极端偏负。     

三个进入江西的台风路径和暴雨形成机制对比分析

2006年7月14日—8月11日,“碧利斯”、“格美”、“桑美”3个台风先后进入江西,均产生了较强的区域性暴雨或大暴雨。利用常规资料和T213资料,对这3个台风的移动路径和暴雨形成机制进行了对比分析。分析结果表明,台风登陆后,由于副高形态和演变的不同,使得各台风路径变化不同。由于“碧利斯”登陆后与强西南季风结合,造成“碧利斯”暴雨的水汽、动力、热力条件均强于“格美”和“桑美”,从而使“碧利斯”暴雨的强度和范围明显强于“格美”和“桑美”。     

Computational investigation of typhoon-induced storm surge in Hangzhou Bay,China

The Hangzhou Bay faces frequent threats from typhoon-induced storm surge and has attracted considerable attentions of coastal researchers and environmental workers. A three-dimensional storm surge model system based on Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) and analytical cyclone model is applied to investigate the hydrodynamic response in the Hangzhou Bay to tropical typhoon. This model has been used to reproduce the storm surge generated by Typhoon Agnes (No. 8114) and the simulated wind field and water elevations have been compared with the available field observations. A series of numerical experimental cases have been conducted to study the effects of land reclamation project (shoreline relocation and seabed deformation) and cyclonic parameters (minimal central pressure (MCP), radius to maximal wind (RMW) and translation speed (TS)) on the hydrodynamics in the Hangzhou Bay. The results show that the shoreline relocation and seabed deformation could generate much higher storm surge in the vicinity of reclamation project with the shoreline relocation making main contribution (about 70%) to this increase. It is found that among the cyclonic parameters, RMW is the most important factor affecting the peak surge in the Hangzhou Bay.     

Sinuosity of tropical cyclone tracks in the South West Indian Ocean: Spatio-temporal patterns and relationships with fundamental storm attributes

The shapes of 268 tropical cyclone tracks in the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) basin are investigated over the period 1977 to 2011 using an established metric for track sinuosity. Original cyclone position data from the RSMC La Réunion area of responsibility were accessed from the IBTrACS archive maintained by NOAA. Cyclone track sinuosity was measured within a GIS environment and the filtered results were normalised with a cube-root transformation function to reduce positive skew in the output sinuosity distribution. Several key findings from spatial and temporal analysis of sinuosity results may be highlighted. To assess geographical patterns, mapping tracks within designated quartile categories (straight, quasi-straight, curving and sinuous tracks) indicates which land areas in the SWIO are more likely to be affected by cyclones following sinuous tracks that are more difficult to forecast, in particular Madagascar and the islands of Réunion and Mauritius. Over the past three decades, the temporal sinuosity pattern shows a high degree of variability that will probably continue into the future. Yet crucially, a number of conspicuous episodes of relatively magnified or subdued sinuosity are recognised compared to long-term averages. This may present opportunities for identifying major climatic controls on regional anomalous cyclone migration behaviour. Within the average yearly cyclone season, the early months (September–December) have a tendency to produce more predictable straighter-moving cyclones, whereas January stands out as the singular month marking an abrupt swing towards a greater proportion (64%) of curving and sinuously-moving storms. This finding is of importance for vulnerability assessment, because a strong positive correlation is also identified between track sinuosity and cyclone longevity, such that storms steering less predictable sinuous courses are also those that tend to survive for longer durations.     

进入内陆的两个台风降水特征对比分析

2012年8月台风海葵和2014年7月台风麦德姆登陆进入安徽省后,均造成了区域性暴雨或大暴雨天气。利用常规观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和雨滴谱资料,对这两个直接影响安徽省的台风移动路径和暴雨形成机制进行了对比分析。结果表明:（1）海葵和麦德姆的移动路径、停留时间和强降水分布特征有明显不同。与海葵相比,麦德姆的移动速度快、降水持续时间短、累计降雨量和暴雨范围较小;但其短时强降水持续时间长、暴雨中心降水强度更大。（2）海葵和麦德姆降水过程中均有强的水汽输送和辐合,但水汽输送方向的差异使得海葵和麦德姆的强降水空间分布分别呈纬向型和经向型特征。同时水汽辐合持续时间决定了麦德姆的降水持续时间比海葵短,但其较深厚的强水汽辐合使得麦德姆的短时强降水持续时间长、暴雨中心降水强度大。（3）海葵是以稳定性降水为主的混合型降水,麦德姆则呈现出明显的对流性降水特征;两次台风降水过程中均是短时间的对流性降水对总降雨量贡献最大,且强降水区域均位于风垂直切变的顺风切左侧。（4）麦德姆降水过程比海葵具有更高的雨滴数浓度和更大的降水粒子直径。当雨强小于10 mm/h时,两次台风降水过程均以小雨滴为主且数浓度较大;雨强>10 mm/h时,雨滴粒径增大但数浓度明显降低。（5）两次台风降水过程的雷达反射率因子-雨强（Z-R）均有较好的指数关系且拟合曲线比较一致,但在不同降水类型即层云降水和对流性降水中,其Z-R关系的a、b值差异较明显。因此,针对不同降水类型,应采用分型Z-R关系来进行雷达降水定量估测。      

台湾岛地形对登陆台风“莫兰蒂”(1614)强对流雨带发展影响的模拟研究

2016年9月14~15日超强台风“莫兰蒂”（1614）登陆厦门后在福建省中北部引发了特大暴雨天气过程,特大暴雨由台风登陆后北侧至东北侧一个缓慢移动的长生命史中尺度强对流螺旋雨带活动造成。利用中尺度数值模式WRF（V3.9）对台风登陆引发福建省中北部特大暴雨过程进行了大区域无嵌套数值模拟,较准确地模拟了台风引发特大暴雨的强度和落区,并成功地再现了台风登陆后北侧至东北侧长生命史中尺度强对流螺旋雨带的发生、发展过程。分析发现,台风大风区外围几个零散的中尺度辐合区在移入台湾地形下游的弱风切变区、正涡度带、湿静力能（假相当位温、比湿）锋区后,组织发展成一个带状的中尺度辐合带而形成强对流螺旋雨带,长时间地维持和发展,并向东北方向缓慢移动。台湾地形在有利于强对流螺旋雨带长时间组织发展和维持的中尺度环境场的形成中扮演着重要角色,即地形效应在其下游形成的正涡度带（正位涡带）、雨带（位于高湿静力能区）南侧低湿静力能带（即湿静力能锋区）,对强对流螺旋雨带的长时间发展维持非常重要。地形敏感性试验的结果进一步证实了台湾地形在台风登陆后东北侧长生命史中尺度强对流螺旋雨带形成及维持中的重要作用。     

台风登陆后非对称降水的非地转湿Q矢量研究

利用NCEP再分析资料和热带降水测量卫星资料,采用改进后考虑非绝热加热的非地转湿Q矢量理论,对“0907”号热带风暴“天鹅”登陆后非对称降水特征进行研究.结果表明:(1)台风登陆后雨带出现断裂,降水呈现明显非对称性特征,强降水主要位于第二象限;(2)非地转湿Q矢量散度分布较好描述了台风登陆后降水的非对称性,与降水的分布有较好的对应关系,强降水主要位于湿Q矢量散度梯度的大值区;(3)沿台风移动方向上,非地转湿Q矢量辐合、辐散交替分布构成雨区内的垂直环流结构,其中倾斜上升支的非对称结构,造成了降水的非对称性;(4)经过台风中心存在纬向的次级环流,对降水起抑制作用,其东西向的不对称结构有利于降水的非对称性发展;(5)非绝热加热项有利于加强降水的非对称性特征.