中国东部夏季降水准两年振荡空间分布及背景场特征

本文采用经验正交函数展开(EOF)及相关分析等方法,使用中国气象局整编的160站1951~2005年月平均降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究了中国东部夏季降水准两年周期振荡的空间模态及其大气环流背景场.结果表明:(1)中国地区降水季节性差异明显,夏季是主要的降水期并具有明显的准两年周期振荡(TBO)特征,中国东部地区是降水TBO方差变化最大的区域.(2)中国东部夏季降水TBO存在两个主要的空间模态,第1模态以27°N为界南北成反位相的变化关系,降水振幅较大;第2模态降水振幅相对较小,大值中心位于河套-华北地区.(3)形成中国东部夏季降水TBO的两个主要空间模态环流背景场明显不同.第1模态与西太平洋海温成正相关,与东太平洋海温成负相关.第2模态则主要与日本海附近的海温成正相关.当夏季降水TBO以江淮偏多时(第1模态),西太平洋海温偏高,东太平洋海温偏低,中国东部及沿海上空850 hPa有异常反气旋,500 hPa高度相关场东亚上空呈"正负正"波列特征,200 hPa南亚高压加强,西风急流位置偏南.当夏季降水TBO降水位置偏北时(第2模态),中国东部及沿海上空有异常气旋,200 hPa南亚高压偏弱,西风急流位置偏北.     

利用MOPITT资料分析亚洲地区对流层CO的时空分布特征

目前CO的模式模拟结果与实际观测存在着很大的差别,需要结合观测资料的分析研究来验证和改善模式能力。而南亚地区源汇的复杂性和站点观测资料的严重不足,使得对该地区CO分布与变化特征的认识更为有限。本文尝试使用2000~2011年MOPITT卫星资料,分析该地区CO的气候态空间分布特征,并结合再分析风场和卫星出射长波辐射资料,对大气运动影响CO分布进行探讨。主要结论是:1)南亚对流层中上层四季都存在CO高浓度带,其位置随着季节有南北变化,其中夏季高值带范围最小,但极值最大。2)在南亚季风区东侧,夏季对流层CO垂直廓线呈连续的高值分布,而在西侧对流层中上层出现孤立的高值分布,验证了东风急流的水平输送效果。3)CO浓度的季节变化在南北(27.5°N/12.5°S)纬度基本反相,并且在12年内500 h Pa高度上呈减少趋势,而在300 h Pa高度上有增加趋势。4)南亚中上对流层CO浓度值的分布和赤道附近垂直风场之间存在较好的相关性,对于该区域CO的来源问题提供了一个新的研究方向。     

Relevance of ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water in the lower troposphere over the boreal forest at northern latitudes

The relevance of ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water (IINSW) in the troposphere over the boreal forest at northern latitudes is investigated by combining two existing and previously published models (MALTE — model to predict new aerosol formation in the lower troposphere; PARNUC — a parameterized steady-state model of neutral and ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water for atmospheric conditions). Simulations were performed for 4 days with observed new particle formation at ground level by using input data from the SMEAR II station in Hyytiälä, Finland. The selected days were chosen to cover a wide range of values of the parameters most relevant for IINSW. The results showed that ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water can contribute up to 15% to the total amount of newly formed particles in the size range of 3–10 nm inside the mixed layer at the Hyytiälä site. The importance of IINSW seemed to increase in the free troposphere above the boundary layer, however, lack of measurements in the vertical structure of the input parameters suggest that the model results are burdened with high uncertainties.     

多尺度空气质量模式系统及其验证Ⅱ.东亚地区对流层臭氧及其前体物模拟

利用一个多尺度空气质量模式系统对东亚地区2001年春季对流层臭氧及其前体物的输送与演变过程进行了模拟.为了检验模式系统模拟臭氧演变过程的能力,将模拟的臭氧浓度及其与之紧密相关的化学物种浓度,如OH自由基、HO2自由基、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、一氧化碳、乙烷和乙烯,与TRACE-P期间两架飞机在西北太平洋上空获取的大量观测资料进行了比较.比较结果表明,模拟值的平均值与相应的观测值具有相当好的一致性,且绝大多数模拟值在相应观测值的2倍范围之内;模拟的化学物种浓度的时空分布与观测结果基本相符;模式系统对于非甲烷烃中不同化学物种的输送与转化过程的处理是基本合理的,反映了光化学生成和平流层输送等过程对对流层臭氧浓度分布的影响.     

Adsorption and reaction of trichlorofluoromethane on various particles

As a possible tropospheric sink of trichlorofluoromethane (CCl₃F), its adsorption and reaction on solid particles were studied with or without UV light longer than 310 nm. The adsorption and photodesorption occurred for most of the particles examined. The amounts depended not only on the BET surface area but also on the chemical property of the particles. The reaction rates were less than 0.1% h^-1. The surface induced degradation of CCl₃F in air was confirmed under photoirradiation at room temperature by the detection of Cl^- or F^- on some metal oxides. When the particles were pretreated with heat and evacuation, the reaction rate became larger and disproportionation of CCl₃F took place. The tropospheric lifetime of CCl₃F was reevaluated based on a reported model. It is suggested that the heterogeneous reaction of CCl₃F on particles may be a possible tropospheric sink.     

Vertical ozone distribution on a global scale

All available data of the vertical ozone distribution measured with chemical sondes have been assembled and combined with one year's results from the BUV satellite to obtain the best possible information on the vertical ozone distribution averaged over longitude as a function of season (month by month). For the southern hemisphere Umkehr data have been used as a guideline in the necessary smoothing procedure. Especially in the northern hemisphere considerable adaptation to the observed latitudinal mean of the total amount was needed because most sounding stations, are situated in upper air trough positions.The results are presented as vertical distributions, as meridional cross sections of partial pressure and of mixing ratio and as partial pressure isolines as a function of latitude and season at different levels. The interaction between photochemical processes and transport resonsible for the observed distribution is briefly discussed.     

Comparison of Measured Ozone Production Efficiencies in the Marine Boundary Layer at Two European Coastal Sites under Different Pollution Regimes

Ozone production efficiencies (E_N), which can be defined as the netnumber of ozone molecules produced per molecule of NO_xoxidised, have been calculated from measurements taken during three intensive field campaigns (one in the spring, EASE 96, and two in the summer, EASE 97 and TIGER 95), at two European coastal sites (Mace Head, Ireland (EASE) and Weybourne, Norfolk (TIGER)) impacted by polluted air masses originating from both the U.K. and continental Europe, as well as relatively clean oceanic air masses from the Arctic and Atlantic. From a detailed wind sector analysis of the EASE 96 and 97 data it is clear that two general types of pollution regime were encountered at Mace Head. The calculated ozone production efficiency in clean oceanic air masses was approximately 65, which contrasted to more polluted air, from the U.K. and the continental European plume, where the efficiency decreased to between 4 and 6. The latter values of E_Nagree well with literature measurements conducted downwind of various urban centres in the U.S. and Europe, which are summarised in a wide-ranging review table. The E_N value calculated for clean oceanic air is effectivelyan upper limit, owing to the relatively rapid deposition of HNO₃ tothe ocean. Consideration of the variation of E_N with NO_x forthe three campaigns suggests that ozone production efficiency is relatively insensitive to both geographical location and season. The measuredE_N values are also compared with values derived from steady-state expressions. An observed anti-correlation between E_N and measured ozone tendencyis briefly discussed.     

Correlation between black carbon aerosols, carbon monoxide and tropospheric ozone over a tropical urban site

Black carbon aerosols plays an important role in the earth's radiative balance and little is known of their concentrations, distributions, source strength, and especially the aerosol chemistry of the developing world. The present study addresses the impact of back carbon aerosols on different atmospheric species like CO and tropospheric ozone over an urban environment, namely Hyderabad, India. Ozone concentration varies from 14 to 63 ppbv over the study area. Diurnal variations of ozone suggest that ozone concentration starts increasing gradually after sunrise, attaining a maximum value by evening time and decreasing gradually thereafter. Black carbon (BC) aerosol mass concentrations varies from 1471 to 11,175 ng m⁻³. The diurnal variations of BC suggest that the concentrations are increased by a factor of 2 during morning (06:00–09:00 h) and evening hours (18:00 to 22:00 h) compared to afternoon hours. Positive correlation has been observed between BC and CO (r²=0.74) with an average slope of 6.4×10⁻³ g BC/g CO. The slope between black carbon aerosol mass concentration and tropospheric ozone suggests that every 1 μg m⁻³ increase in black carbon aerosol mass concentration causes a 3.5 μg m⁻³ reduction in tropospheric ozone. The results have been discussed in detail in the paper.     

Observations concerning the nature of maceral fluorescence alteration with time

Distinctive features of the alteration of maceral fluorescence intensity with upon blue-light or UV excitation are related to the level of organic maturation. Alteration has been measured in different media; the results demonstrate clearly that the negative component of the alteration phenomenon is due to photochemical oxidation. Highly weathered bituminous coals do not display negative alteration because the potential for oxidation quenching has been reduced. The positive component of alteration is thought to be due to the creation of additional absorption centers and increased molecular rigidity as a result of photochemical oxidation and the enhancement of cross-linking among mobile phase and network molecules.