Influence of thin liquid films on polar ice chemistry: Implications for Earth and planetary science

The polar snowpack (and sea-ice) plays a major role in affecting overlying boundary layer chemistry and has only recently come to light. Furthermore, the understanding of this system and its importance is steadily growing. Investigations done thus far, nonetheless, examined the subsets of the polar environment as an uncoupled system. Analogous to some materials, the surface of snow/ice exhibits thin liquid layers (e.g., the quasi-liquid layer (QLL) and brine layer (BL)). This paper gives an overview of thin liquid films and illustrations of their function in Earth science. The impact of such films in polar science (i.e., polar snowpack photochemistry) is discussed within the context of how field data has been elucidated through laboratory data and modeling techniques. Specifically, what laboratory and modeling investigations have revealed about the effect of thin liquid layers on constraining field observations and, more importantly, the physicochemical mechanisms that govern the behavior of trace gases within the snowpack (and sea-ice) and how they are released from the polar snowpack. Current and future impacts of these findings are discussed, along with putative implications of the effect of thin liquid films in planetary science.     

青藏高原对流层臭氧含量变化的太阳周期活动信号分析

利用1979~1992年卫星TOR对流层臭氧数据库资料,以及同期太阳辐照度数据序列,考察青藏高原对流层臭氧含量变化与太阳辐射周期变化之间的关系.分析表明,青藏高原对流层臭氧分布表现出与太阳辐照度相同的变化趋势,存在着明显的太阳周期变化特征.逐月线性回归分析表明,太阳辐照度增加导致青藏高原对流层臭氧增加的正效应.在太阳周期内,太阳辐射增加可使青藏高原对流层臭氧、平流层臭氧和臭氧总量分别增加1.31、4.97、6.628DU,或4.07%、2.04%、2.28%.该特征与赤道太平洋地区完全相反,分析产生差异的原因,至少应包括两方面因素：一是背景大气NO_X和水汽含量的差异;二是青藏高原频繁发生的平流层-对流层大气物质交换和输送.     

Absolute phase center corrections of satellite and receiver antennas

Results of the estimation of azimuth-dependent phase center variations (PCVs) of GPS satellite antennas using global GPS data are presented. Significant variations of up to ±3–4 mm that are demonstrated show excellent repeatability over eight years. The application of the azimuthal PCVs besides the nadir-dependent ones will lead to a further reduction in systematic antenna effects. In addition, the paper focuses on the benefit of a possible transition from relative to absolute PCVs. Apart from systematic changes in the global station coordinates, one can expect the GPS results to be less dependent on the elevation cut-off angle. This, together with the significant reduction of tropospheric zenith delay biases between GPS and VLBI, stands for an important step toward more consistency between different space geodetic techniques.     

Measurement of Particle-Bound Reactive Oxygen Species in Rubidoux Aerosols

The diurnal variations in the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various size fractions were determined for ambient particles in Rubidoux, CA. Sampling of particles was conducted at 3 h intervals using a cascade impactor. The collected particles were reacted with dichlorofluorescin (DCFH), a non-fluorescent probe that fluoresces when oxidized. The factors affecting the diurnal variation in ROS concentration were also investigated with special emphasis on the relation between ROS concentration and the intensity of photochemical reactions where the ozone concentration was taken as an index. The intensity of photochemical reactions was found to be a moderate factor affecting the daytime ROS concentration. The concentration of ROS was found to be higher on the smaller particles of the ambient aerosol. An erratum to this article is available .     

TBO的原因－异常东亚冬季风与ENSO循环的相互作用

基于对 ＮＣＥＰ／ ＮＣＡＲ再分析资料以及其他资料（ＯＬＲ，降水和气温等）的分析研究，结果表明东亚和西北太平洋地区的对流层环流和气候变化都有明显的准两年振荡（ＴＢＯ）特征。同时，异常东亚冬季风可以影响次年夏季的大气环流和气候变化，特别是在东亚地区；而异常东亚冬季风和ＥＮＳＯ循环间又有明显相互作用：持续的强（弱）东亚冬季风通过海─气相互作用可以激发 Ｅｌ Ｎｉ　ｏ（Ｌａ Ｎｉ　ａ）， Ｅｌ Ｎｉ　ｏ（Ｌａ Ｎｉ　ａ）反过来又可通过遥相关或遥响应而导致东亚冬季风偏弱（强）。强或弱的冬季风和ＥＮＳＯ循环是相互衔接在一起的，因此可以认为异常东亚冬季风与ＥＮＳＯ循环的相互作用是ＴＢＯ对流层准两年振荡）的基本原因。     

High-Latitude Springtime Photochemistry. Part I: NOx, PAN and Ozone Relationships

Springtime measurements of NO_x, ozone, PAN,J(NO₂), and other compounds were made near Ny-Ålesund,Svalbard (78°54N, 11°53E), in 1994 and Poker Flat,Alaska (65°08N, 147°29W), in 1995. At Svalbard medianmixing ratios for PAN and NO_x of 237 and 23.7 pptv,respectively, were observed. The median mixing ratios at Poker Flat for PANand NO_x were 79.5 and 85.9 pptv, respectively. These data areused to estimate thermal PAN decomposition using several differentapproaches. At Svalbard PAN decomposition was very small, while at PokerFlat up to 30 pptv/h PAN decomposed. At both sites the NO_x/PANratio increased with temperature between –10 and 20°C implyingthat PAN decomposition is an important NO_x source. In-situozone production was calculated from the measured NO, NO₂,O₃, J(NO₂), and temperature data, using thesteady state assumption Median ozone production was 605 pptv/h at PokerFlat, and one order of magnitude smaller at Svalbard during the daytime.Only at Poker Flat could a direct influence on the diurnal ozone cycle beobserved from in-situ production. These results imply that PAN decompositionis a major source of NO_x in the high latitude troposphere, andthat this contributes to the observed spring maximum in surface ozone.