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11.
??????PPP????????IGS?ο????????????ж??PPP???????????????PPP??ZTD?????????????PPP??ZTD??IGS??????ZTD?ο???????????????PPP???????????????????????30 s????????t???????????????<6 mm???? 相似文献
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Harris W. M. Nordsieck K. H. Scherb F. Mierkiewicz E. J. 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1997,78(1-3):161-167
We report on the reduction and analysis of UVpolarimetric images of CI (λ1657 Å) and dust continuum (2696 Å emissions from C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) taken using the Wide Field Imaging Survey Polarimeter (WISP) sounding rocket on 8 April, 1997. These observations represent the first imaging polarimetry of comets in the UV, and were performed in consort with ground based measurements of gas and dust polarization and distribution. The continuum results show 9% polarization across the image field with a polarization phase angle close to the 129° prediction. Comparison with ground based data implies minimal color dependence for Hale-Bopp in either the degree of polarization and in the position angle. The carbon polarimetry implies that most production occurs in the dense inner coma, and that it leaves that area in thermodynamic equilibrium. Its radial profile further constrains the carbon outflow speed to be sufficient to travel ≥5 × 106 km without photoionization. 相似文献
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将INTEX-B排放源应用到空气质量模型Model3-CMAQ中,对中国地区对流层NO2的浓度分布进行了数值模拟,并与OMI卫星对流层NO2资料进行了对比和验证。结果表明:将INTEX-B排放源应用到Model3-CMAQ模式,模拟的NO2浓度在中国地区的分布、季节变化规律与卫星资料所得结果一致。敏感性试验表明,工业及电厂排放对NO2的浓度贡献最大,而交通排放的贡献相对较小,两种排放均主要集中在京津、长江三角洲等经济发达地区。 相似文献
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湿地的水文和水化学在时空尺度上会呈现显著差异,进而会引发光化学反应的变化,光活性中间体(PPRIs)是水体间接光反应的产物,具有极强的氧化性,对水环境中有机物和污染物的归驱具有重要的影响,因此迫切需要探究湿地中PPRIs的产生过程。本研究通过捕获剂法监测了鄱阳湖湿地4个季节水体中3种PPRIs(1O2、·OH及3CDOM*)的产生速率和稳态浓度的变化,并通过紫外吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱、以及傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱等技术对水体中可溶性有机质(DOM)组分的化学特征进行分析,揭示了鄱阳湖湿地不同季节水体中的DOM的光化学反应特性及与PPRIs产生的相关性。结果发现:鄱阳湖夏季和秋季水体的pH值、溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度较高,相反,硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐浓度在夏季和秋季较低。夏季和秋季的DOM中芳香族化合物丰度较高,并且木质素丰度明显高于冬季和春季。不同季节鄱阳湖水体有色可溶性有机物产生能力依次为秋季>夏季>冬季>春季。夏季和秋季水体中1O2和·OH产生速率和稳态浓度显著高于春季和冬季水体。pH、DOC、E2/E3、脂类、蛋白类及木质素类与PPRIs产生速率展现出了良好的正相关关系,尤其是其中的DOC与木质素类组分;另外在三维荧光指标结果中,荧光指数(FI)和新鲜度指数(β/α)与PPRIs呈现负相关关系,证明FI值越低即DOM陆源性越高、非新生DOM比例越高,则PPRIs产生速率越高。综上,PPRIs的光化学产生与植物源DOM密切相关。与春季和冬季相比,夏季和秋季鄱阳湖水体的有机质高,而其中DOM组分中芳香族化合物丰度较高,主要来自陆生植物和土壤有机质,其有机质的腐殖化水平较高,而在春季和冬季水体有机质主要来自湖泊本身和微生物产生的有机质,属于内源。淹水植物残体降解过程释放的有机组分,对夏、秋季DOM的来源和组成有着极易被忽视的影响和作用,而其中光化学活性较强的有机组分如木质素是造成其PPRIs产率更高的主要原因。 相似文献
16.
对流层活性卤素化学:充满机遇和挑战的研究领域 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
活性卤素物种(RHS)参与大气对流层中许多化学过程,影响许多重要物种的源和汇,在大气对流层化学中起着十分重要的作用,因此对流层活性卤素化学成为近年来国际大气化学研究的重要前沿研究领域。RHS在对流层的外场观测方法主要包括化学放大、大气压化学电离质谱(APCIMS)、长程差分吸收光谱(DOAS)、雾室和湿法化学分析法、光解法、碳同位素的比率法等。各种观测方法表明大气边界层中存在着不同种类的RHS,特别在海洋边界层、极地边界层和盐湖地区。RHS的浓度有较大的变化范围(10-12~10-10)。RHS可引起一些VOCs的氧化,影响HOx和NOx的反应,减少对流层O3,并对硫的氧化和汞化学有较大的影响。对流层RHS的源主要为有机卤素化合物的排放和海盐气溶胶的释放。在讨论RHS在对流层的循环转化的基础上,归纳总结出一个示意图;提出了现有的主要科学问题,进而展望了今后的研究前景。 相似文献
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In this study, results of source identification and apportionment for ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a previous work were used to estimate ozone‐forming potentials (OFPs) of effective sources for developing proper strategies for reduction of tropospheric ozone pollution. The source identification and apportionment of ambient VOC pollution within Yildiz Technical University's Davutpasa Campus (Istanbul, Turkey) was done by positive matrix factorization (PMF). The results suggested five effective source groups with the emissions related with paint use and solvent use having the highest contributions (36.8 and 28.2%). The results from PMF were used along with maximum incremental reactivities to estimate potentials of individual sources for ozone formation. It was found that biogenic emissions (3.78) and traffic related emissions (gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust) (3.83 and 3.15, respectively) have the highest potential for ozone formation in terms of grams O3/g VOC emitted. The results were used to suggest proper source‐based reduction strategies for OFP. 相似文献
18.
The behaviour of relative diffusion theory and Gifford’s random-force theory for long-range atmospheric diffusion is examined. When a puff scale is smaller than the Lagrangian length scale, 2KTL, an accelerative relative diffusion region exists, i.e., σy∝t3/2. While the puff diffusion enters a two-dimensional turbulence region, in which the diffusion scale is larger than 500 km, or time scale is larger than 1 day, divergence and convergence are main cause of horizontal diffusion. Between the two above-mentioned regimes, diffusion deviation is given byσy=2KTL. The large-scale horizontal relative diffusion parameters were obtained by analyzing the data of radioactive cloud width collected in air nuclear tests. 相似文献
19.
F. C. Fehsenfeld M. J. Bollinger S. C. Liu D. D. Parrish M. McFarland M. Trainer D. Kley P. C. Murphy D. L. Albritton D. H. Lenschow 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1983,1(1):87-105
The seasonal and diurnal variations of ozone mixing ratios have been observed at Niwot Ridge. Colorado. The ozone mixing ratios have been correlated with the NO
x
(NO+NO2) mixing ratios measured concurrently at the site. The seasonal and diurnal variations in O3 can be reasonably well understood by considering photochemistry and transport. In the winter there is no apparent systematic diurnal variation in the O3 mixing ratio because there is little diurnal change of transport and a slow photochemistry. In the summer, the O3 levels at the site are suppressed at night due to the presence of a nocturnal inversion layer that isolated ozone near the surface, where it is destroyed. Ozone is observed to increase in the summer during the day. The increases in ozone correlate with increasing NO
x
levels, as well as with the levels of other compounds of anthropogenic origin. We interpret this correlation as in-situ or in-transit photochemical production of ozone from these precursors that are transported to our site. The levels of ozone recorded approach 100 ppbv at NO
x
mixing ratios of approximately 3 ppbv. Calculations made using a simple clean tropospheric chemical model are consistent with the NO
x
-related trend observed for the daytime ozone mixing ratio. However, the chemistry, which does not include nonmethane hydrocarbon photochemistry, underestimates the observed O3 production. 相似文献
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