Converting tropical rain forest to forest plantation in sabah,malaysia. Part I. Dynamics and net losses of nutrients in control catchment streams

Streamwatcr chemistry was monitored for five years in six streams in a paired catchment experiment in Mendolong, Sabah, Malaysia, including controls in rain forest and secondary vegetation after the [Borneo fire] of 1982–3 and comparing the effects of different ways of establishing forest plantations with Acacia mangium. Three catchments were covered with selectively logged lowland hill dipterocarp forest (W4-W6) and three (W1-W3) with secondary vegetation after forest fires. The control catchments, W3 and W6 reported in this paper, had no treatments applied. Reference monitoring at all streams was for 25 months and the total period of study reported here is 64 months. The soils in the catchments were mainly Orthic Acrisol in W3 and Gleyic Podsol in W6 and a mix of both soil types in the other catchments. Element baseflow concentrations were generally low and not significantly different from stormflow concentrations for all streams during the reference period. Concentrations were also generally consistently low for the two control streams during the whole period of measurement. Chemical inputs as wet deposition were low as a result of a high input from local convection. The rain forest on the Podsol had a tight nutrient circulation indicated by small net losses of macronutrients. The Podsol was found to have poorer conditions for soil mineralization and more surficial runoff, resulting in higher loads of S, C and N in the organic phases, with higher organic C/N ratio, in the discharge. Nitrogen was found to accumulate in both catchments. An almost double accumulation of N in W3 was attributed to a larger biomass accumulation continuing after the forest fire 3–8 years earlier. On the other hand, the Acrisol in W3 had much larger net losses of S, Si, K, Ca, Mg and Na. Most of differences could be attributed to differences in weathering between the soils and local mineralogical differences.     

青藏高原东缘湖相沉积和黄土高原黄土沉积磁化率与粒度相关性对比*

为探讨构造稳定地区(如黄土高原)和构造活跃地区(如青藏高原东缘)粉尘沉积物中磁化率(SUS)与粒度的相关性及其对环境事件的指示意义,本次研究分析了黄土高原蓝田剖面黄土—古土壤样品和青藏高原东缘湖相沉积样品的粒度和磁化率记录。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强正相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强负相关,反映2~10 μm粒度组分为黄土高原和青藏高原乃至亚洲干旱—半干旱地区连续稳定敏感的背景沉积组分。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强负相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强正相关,反映32~63 μm粒度组分不仅是黄土高原尘暴事件沉积的敏感指标,也是青藏高原东缘湖相沉积记录的地震事件敏感指标。SUS与粒度组分的相关性在青藏高原东缘地区地震事件层开始部分高于结束部分,也较好地反映地震事件为研究区添加新鲜沉积物后随地形地貌恢复逐步减少的过程。SUS与粒度组分相关性也受当地物源的影响。     

川南柏香田地区早志留世石牛栏组风暴沉积的发现及意义

通过野外实测剖面和镜下薄片观察,于通过野外实测剖面和镜下薄片观察,在川南柏香田剖面早志留世石牛栏组下部发现一套风暴沉积,具有侵蚀底面、砾屑层、粒序层理、丘-洼状交错层理、沙纹层理以及风暴与平静天气形成的沉积物互层等风暴沉积特征。理想风暴沉积序列由6个沉积单元组成,根据剖面不同沉积单元间的排列组合,将其划分为4种风暴沉积序列,各序列间存在一定继承性,由下向上表现为远源型风暴向近源型风暴的转变、风暴强度逐渐增强的过程。结合更靠扬子东南缘的深水剖面重力流沉积的缺乏,可以推断早志留世石牛栏期研究区的沉积模式为碳酸盐缓坡。结合风暴的形成机制以及石牛栏组风暴沉积的发育特征可知（尤其是正粒序层理和典型丘状交错层理）：研究区早志留世处于中低纬度的古地理位置,可为上扬子区古气候及古扬子海盆演化提供依据;上扬子区早志留世同期异相地层存有争议,风暴沉积特征为石牛栏组、小河坝组、罗惹坪组等地层提供等时性对比标尺;川南早志留世石牛栏组沉积环境意见不一,风暴沉积为其碳酸盐岩缓坡环境提供证据资料。通过总结前人对风暴岩物性认识,结合上扬子区同期地层油气地质条件,可提供油气勘探新途径。川南柏香田剖面早志留世石牛栏组下部发现一套风暴沉积,发育侵蚀底面、砾屑层、粒序层理、丘-洼状交错层理、沙纹层理以及风暴与平静天气形成的沉积物互层等风暴沉积特征。理想风暴沉积序列由6个沉积单元组成,根据剖面不同沉积单元间的排列组合,将其划分为4种风暴沉积序列,各序列间存在一定继承性,由下向上表现为远源型风暴向近源型风暴的转变、风暴强度逐渐增强的过程。结合更靠扬子东南缘的深水剖面中重力流沉积的缺乏,可以推断早志留世石牛栏期研究区的沉积模式为碳酸盐缓坡。结合风暴的形成机制以及石牛栏组风暴沉积的发育特征可知（尤其是正粒序层理和典型丘状交错层理）：研究区早志留世存于中低纬度的古地理位置,可为上扬子区古气候及古扬子海盆演化提供依据;上扬子区早志留世同期异相地层存有争议,风暴沉积特征为石牛栏组、小河坝组、罗惹坪组等地层提供等时性对比标尺;川南早志留世石牛栏组沉积环境意见不一,风暴沉积为其碳酸盐岩缓坡环境提供证据资料;总结前人对风暴岩物性认识,结合上扬子区同期地层油气地质条件,提供油气勘探新途径。     

徐州地区新元古界下部具臼齿构造碳酸盐岩事件成因探讨

徐州地区新元古界贾园组-赵圩组发育陆棚-缓坡-台地边缘的碳酸盐沉积,记录有广泛的风暴事件,并在其中发现 大量具“臼齿构造”碳酸盐岩。依据野外剖面系统观察与室内综合分析,将臼齿碳酸盐岩划分为原地型：条带状M1（平直 条带状M1-a、分叉条带状M1-b）、蠕虫状M2（短小蠕虫状M2-a及长条蠕虫状M2-b）、丝状M3、悬针状M4;异地型：碎屑 状M5等五种形态类型,主要发育于缓斜坡下部到潮坪环境。以水体深度及水动力条件下的七种代表性风暴序列为背景,将 臼齿碳酸盐岩的形态及分布与瞬时高能事件沉积做关联分析。研究发现,臼齿构造与风暴事件有密切联系,表征晴好天气 下的块状层中以M3为主,风暴期动荡水体序列层段以M1,M2为主,而在表征风暴高潮期序列层段以异地型的M4, M5为 主。风暴的强弱及水深变化控制了风暴序列的分布,进一步控制了臼齿构造的形态与规模。由此推断,臼齿构造形成是在 中-新元古代特殊的古大气古海洋背景下,在风暴周期的不同阶段,经历具有裂缝形成与微亮晶充填的紧密联系的过程。 风暴前期和风暴高潮期,风暴浪对臼齿构造的形成主要体现在造缝阶段,而风暴后期则主要为微亮晶的填充阶段。最终形 成广泛分布的具臼齿构造碳酸盐岩这一地质历史内特殊的事件型碳酸盐岩类型。     

Resonance of baroclinic waves in the tropical oceans: The Indian Ocean and the far western Pacific

The Indian Ocean has a particularity, its width is close to half the wavelength of a Rossby wave of biannual frequency, this coincidence having been capitalized on by several authors to give the observations a physical basis. The purpose of this article is to show that this is not the case since the resonance of tropical baroclinic waves occurs in all three oceans. This is because the westward-propagating Rossby wave is retroflexed at the western boundary to form off-equatorial Rossby waves dragged by countercurrents before receding and turning back as a Kelvin wave. Thus a quasi-stationary baroclinic wave is formed, whose mean period is tuned to the forcing period. Two independent basin modes resonantly forced are highlighted – 1) a nearly symmetric zonal 1/2-yr period Quasi-Stationary Wave (QSW) that is resonantly forced by the biannual monsoon. It is formed from first baroclinic mode equatorial-trapped Rossby and Kelvin waves and off-equatorial Rossby waves at the western antinode. This QSW controls the Equatorial Counter Current at the node. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) results from a subharmonic mode locking resulting from the coupling of this QSW and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th baroclinic modes - 2) a 1-yr period QSW formed from an off-equatorial baroclinic Rossby wave, which is induced from the southernmost current of the Indonesian Throughflow through the Timor passage, propagating in the southern and northern hemispheres: the drivers are south-easterlies in the southern hemisphere and monsoon wind in the northern hemisphere.     

2018年7月15—17日北京极端强降水过程三类对流风暴及其强降水特征分析

2018年7月15—17日,北京遭遇当年入汛以来最强降水过程。该过程具有持续时间长、累计雨量大、局地雨强强等特点。针对小时降水量阶段性减弱的特征,对该过程不同阶段三类对流风暴及其强降水特点进行了对比分析。结果表明： 16日凌晨副热带高压边缘暖区强降水主要由低质心型对流风暴造成,该时段暖湿层结深厚,垂直风切变较弱;对流系统具有类似热带强降水型风暴特征,加之“列车效应”影响,导致北京密云出现极端强降水;高质心型对流风暴出现在16日至17日凌晨,受高空槽和副热带高压共同影响,中层有干空气侵入,整层垂直风切变较强;对流系统存在悬垂结构特征,但局地性强、移速快,其造成的最大降水量要弱于低质心型对流风暴;混合型对流风暴对应17日高空槽过境的强降水,该时段能量和水汽条件较前期明显减弱;对流风暴的强度和降水量级在三类风暴中最弱。不同类型对流风暴对应的环境条件、结构特征及其移动传播特点决定了该过程不同阶段的降水强度和量级。     

PLAM指数跟踪方法对中国沙尘天气过程及其波动变化特征的研究

采用1980-2011年气象台站地面气象要素观测资料、高空探空资料,时间和空间加密气象观测站资料,以及中国气象档案馆原始天气图表等资料,基于沙尘气溶胶浓度（PM₁₀）潜势源地贡献函数PSCF（Potential source contribution function）的沙尘系统追踪方法,发展空气质量气象条件PLAM（……）指数对沙尘天气过程的路径跟踪,给出1980-2011年东北亚沙尘天气过程特征分布;采用Spline趋势分析,讨论沙尘天气系统强度的年变化特征。结果表明：基于气溶胶浓度PSCF函数和气象条件PLAM指数追踪得出,中国和东亚地区沙尘天气过程年际强度变化并非单调减弱,具有历史持续性与转折突变性并存的波状变化趋势,出现准10 a的高低频活动特征。     

“12.7.21”西南涡极端强降雨的成因分析

利用常规观测资料、ECMWF分析场、区域自动站、多普勒雷达及SWAN系统产品等资料对2012年7月21日西南涡暴雨过程及盘龙极端强降雨进行分析。分析发现：此次过程是“北槽南涡”形势下,地面冷空气触发西南涡其东侧辐合上升运动强烈发展,高层强辐散,因而产生了对流性暴雨天气过程;冷空气从西侧侵入西南涡是925 hPa “S”形冷锋形成的直接原因,也是地面辐合线形成的重要因素;极端短时强降雨就发生在西南涡东侧中尺度雨带的中部偏北区域,有地面辐合线相配合,降雨最强时MCC冷云中心TBB达最低值。雷达回波表明：西南涡两侧冷暖空气的交绥促进了β中尺度气旋式环流的形成;偏南风低空急流为强降雨提供了充足的水汽,增强了中低层的垂直风切变,有利于强降水超级单体风暴的发展和维持;盘龙的极端短时强降雨是β中尺度气旋式环流中,伴随有深厚中气旋的强降水超级单体风暴在环流中心附近持续发展的结果。     

雷暴大风环境特征及其对风暴结构影响的对比研究

2009年6月3日,受冷涡后部次天气尺度横槽的影响,在相邻的两个区域先后出现雷暴大风天气,造成两地强风的风暴类型、地面大风分布及灾害程度差异显著。风暴结构分析表明:产生晋陕大风的雷暴类型为一般单体风暴和脉冲风暴,而产生商丘致灾大风的则为典型的弓形回波。结合观测和数值模拟资料分析产生上述两类雷暴大风的环境要素,并构建其环境温、湿度廓线,结果表明:(1)晋陕大风区环境探空温、湿度廓线呈倒V形,为典型的干下击暴流探空廓线,类似探空在中国西部高原地区夏季常见;(2)商丘雷暴大风区环境温、湿度廓线类似典型湿下击暴流探空。数值模拟给出了典型的一般单体特征结构,老雷暴单体出流在其前方触发新单体。在中低层相对干的环境下多个对流单体的冷下沉形成冷池,强风由对流单体下沉辐散气流叠加在冷池密度流上造成。两类雷暴大风环境风垂直切变特点为:深层环境风垂直切变较弱、强水平风垂直切变集中在中低层。数值模拟表明:在这种风垂直切变配置下,低层湿度成为风暴结构的决定因素:中-高湿度环境下形成高度组织化的飑线,且其单体具有较强中层旋转;低湿度环境下产生组织程度差的一般单体和脉冲风暴,并基于高分辨率数值模式模拟结果给出了环境影响风暴结构的物理图像。     

Study on Quantitative Identification Sand and Dust Storm Using MODIS Data

In order to detect the scope and the intensity quanti cationally, the spectrum characteristic of sand and dust storm was analyzed in detail by using several MODIS data; bands that can distinguish sand and dust from cloud and surface were detected; two indices for determining the scope and intensity of sand and dust storm were found out, and were tested in several storms. Our study result shows: 1) The spectral characteristic of sand and dust in solar wavelengths is that the reflectance increases with the increasing of the wavelength. This is similar to the characteristic of the spectrum of soil. Also, the reflectance of large size dusts increases faster than small size dusts. 2) Small size dusts show typical characteristic of aerosol, being sensitive to blue band of 0.46 μm and insensitive to short wave infrared bands of 1.6 and 2.1 μm. 3) Large size dusts do not have aerosol characteristic, not sensitive to blue band but sensitive to short wave infrared bands. 4) Bands of 3.7 and 8.5 μm are sensitive to dusts. The difference of two bands can be used to identify sands and dusts and reflect the intensity to a certain extent. And 5) the two indices are very effective to monitor sands and dusts by testing a lot of sand and dust storm cases during the period of 2002-2005. Also, the method is simple and easy for operational use.