青海全吉山地区构造特征及其控煤作用

青海全吉山地区煤炭勘查工作的关键是对构造控煤作用的分析研究。为有效指导研究区煤炭勘查工作,通过对近年来最新物探、钻探等地质资料系统的整理,在分析研究区内构造特征和构造演化过程的基础上,深入探讨了构造控煤作用。研究认为：全吉山地区NWW向压性、扭性逆断层发育;断层交错,形成沿NWW向展布的一系列条带状断块,对含煤地层改造影响强烈;研究区内控煤构造经历了4个演化阶段,各阶段控煤作用不同且相互影响。     

Low-latitude total ozone measurements in the Brazilian sector

Regular measurements of the atmospheric ozone in the Brazilian sector were started at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45.0°W), and Natal (5.8°S, 35.2°W) in May 1974 and November 1978, respectively. The results of the total ozone measurements carried out at these two stations up to 1981 are presented in this communication and compared with other low-and mid-latitude stations. Although Natal is an equatorial station, it presents a prominent annual variation, and the average total ozone content is high compared to satellite measurements. During 1977–78, abnormally low values of total ozone were observed at Cachoeira Paulista. Some preliminary results about the QBO 9quasi-biennial oscillation) during 1974–81 are also presented.     

Modeling studies of the upper ocean response to a tropical cyclone

A coupled ocean and boundary layer flux numerical modeling system is used to study the upper ocean response to surface heat and momentum fluxes associated with a major hurricane, namely, Hurricane Dennis (July 2005) in the Gulf of Mexico. A suite of experiments is run using this modeling system, constructed by coupling a Navy Coastal Ocean Model simulation of the Gulf of Mexico to an atmospheric flux model. The modeling system is forced by wind fields produced from satellite scatterometer and atmospheric model wind data, and by numerical weather prediction air temperature data. The experiments are initialized from a data assimilative hindcast model run and then forced by surface fluxes with no assimilation for the time during which Hurricane Dennis impacted the region. Four experiments are run to aid in the analysis: one is forced by heat and momentum fluxes, one by only momentum fluxes, one by only heat fluxes, and one with no surface forcing. An equation describing the change in the upper ocean hurricane heat potential due to the storm is developed. Analysis of the model results show that surface heat fluxes are primarily responsible for widespread reduction (0.5°–1.5°C) of sea surface temperature over the inner West Florida Shelf 100–300 km away from the storm center. Momentum fluxes are responsible for stronger surface cooling (2°C) near the center of the storm. The upper ocean heat loss near the storm center of more than 200 MJ/m² is primarily due to the vertical flux of thermal energy between the surface layer and deep ocean. Heat loss to the atmosphere during the storm’s passage is approximately 100–150 MJ/m². The upper ocean cooling is enhanced where the preexisting mixed layer is shallow, e.g., within a cyclonic circulation feature, although the heat flux to the atmosphere in these locations is markedly reduced.     

全球重力异常对大气活动中心、气旋多发区的影响

利用卫星观测和地面实测资料统一归算的全球空间重力异常,探讨重力异常对全球冬夏大气活动中心、热带气旋以及温带气旋和高原低涡多发区的影响,并对其物理机理作一简要讨论.认为重力异常是大气运动发生发展不可忽视的因子之一.     

Hydrocarbon degraders from tropical marine environments

Analysis of 20 samples of marine mud and water around Mumbai resulted in the isolation of 17 bacteria and yeasts all of which were able to degrade more than 10% of the supplied crude oil. The yeasts strains were important degraders of the aliphatic fraction of crude. All the isolated yeasts belonged to the genus Candida. Using biochemical tests these were identified as Candida parapsilosis, C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, Yarrowia lipolytica, C. tropicalis and C. intermedia. Y. lipolytica was the best degrader utilizing 78% of the aliphatic fraction of Bombay High crude oil. None of these isolates degraded the aromatic or ashphaltene fractions. All the isolates required aeration, nitrogen and phosphate supplementation for optimal degradation. Four out of the six yeasts are human pathogens.     

Effective typhoon characteristics and their effects on hourly reservoir inflow forecasting

This paper describes the identification of effective typhoon characteristics and the development of a new type of hourly reservoir inflow forecasting model with the effective typhoon characteristics. Firstly, a comparison of support vector machines (SVMs), which is a novel kind of neural networks (NNs), and back-propagation networks (BPNs) is made to select an appropriate NN-based model. The results show that SVM-based models are more appropriate than BPN-based models because of their higher accuracy and much higher efficiency. In addition, effective typhoon characteristics for improving forecasting performance are identified from all the collected typhoon information. Then the effective typhoon characteristics (the position of the typhoon and the distance between the typhoon center and the reservoir) are added to the proposed SVM-based models. Next, a performance comparison of models with and without effective typhoon characteristics is conducted to clearly highlight the effects of effective typhoon characteristics on hourly reservoir inflow forecasting. To reach a just conclusion, the performance is evaluated by cross validation, and the improvement in performance due to the addition of effective typhoon characteristics is tested by paired comparison t-tests at the 5% significance level. The results confirm that effective typhoon characteristics do improve the forecasting performance and the improvement increases with increasing lead-time, especially when the rainfall data are not available. For four- to six-hour ahead forecasts, the improvement due to the addition of effective typhoon characteristics increases from 3% to 18% and from 10% to 113% for Categories I (rainfall data are available) and II (rainfall data are not available), respectively. In conclusion, effective typhoon characteristics are recommended as key inputs for reservoir inflow forecasting during typhoons. The proposed SVM-based models with effective typhoon characteristics are expected to provide more accurate forecasts than BPN-based models. The proposed modeling technique is also expected to be useful to support reservoir operation systems and other disaster warning systems.     

新疆北塔山地区埃姆斯期腕足动物群

区内早泥盆世沉积为卓木巴斯套组, 产丰富的古生物化石, 以极为丰富的腕足为主要特征。通过地质路线调查与剖面测量, 采集到大量的腕足、珊瑚、三叶虫、苔藓虫、角石、菊石等动物化石, 其中, 腕足类占90%以上。本次工作鉴定出腕足化石24属48种。根据动物化石组成及面貌将其定为 “东准Spinatrypa khalfini动物群”。主要特征是腕足在动物群中的含量占绝对比例, 而且石燕类、无洞贝类占绝对优势。依据化石组合类型及产出层位将其划分为下部Leptocoelia sinica组合及上部Spinatrypa khalfini组合。将北塔山地区与我国北部其他地区同时代地层中的腕足动物群进行对比发现:北塔山地区的腕足化石的产出层位与内蒙古地区东乌珠穆沁旗敖包亭浑迪组、东北地区金水组、霍龙门组、黑台组、乌努尔组大致相当;并根据个别属种在世界范围的时代意义, 确定了卓木巴斯套组的时代为埃姆斯期。     

Impact of Doppler Radar Wind in Simulating the Intensity and Propagation of Rainbands Associated with Mesoscale Convective Complexes Using MM5-3DVAR System

Pre-monsoon rainfall around Kolkata (northeastern part of India) is mostly of convective origin as 80% of the seasonal rainfall is produced by Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). Accurate prediction of the intensity and structure of these convective cloud clusters becomes challenging, mostly because the convective clouds within these clusters are short lived and the inaccuracy in the models initial state to represent the mesoscale details of the true atmospheric state. Besides the role in observing the internal structure of the precipitating systems, Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) provides an important data source for mesoscale and microscale weather analysis and forecasting. An attempt has been made to initialize the storm-scale numerical model using retrieved wind fields from single Doppler radar. In the present study, Doppler wind velocities from the Kolkata Doppler weather radar are assimilated into a mesoscale model, MM5 model using the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system for the prediction of intense convective events that occurred during 0600 UTC on 5 May and 0000 UTC on 7 May, 2005. In order to evaluate the impact of the DWR wind data in simulating these severe storms, three experiments were carried out. The results show that assimilation of Doppler radar wind data has a positive impact on the prediction of intensity, organization and propagation of rain bands associated with these mesoscale convective systems. The assimilation system has to be modified further to incorporate the radar reflectivity data so that simulation of the microphysical and thermodynamic structure of these convective storms can be improved.     

科学面对山区发展已是刻不容缓——写自汶川大地震的警示

在对5·12汶川大地震灾区考察中发现,汶川大地震暴露出山区发展中许多深层次的问题,尤其是山地科学研究现状存在很大缺憾.针对所暴露的问题,重新对山地科学研究的丰富内涵作了全面系统的论述,指出无论是山地科学体系构建,还是山区资源环境的保护利用、山区发展布局、灾后重建,山地研究所涉及的相关科学体系及其山区发展中的安全等问题,都需要尽快建立起一个国家层面的政策调控机制,进而科学指导编制山地科学研究分期计划,加强布局,调动和协调国内相关研究力量,形成山地科学研究的合力,整体上促进山地科学的发展,推动山地科学基础理论与技术创新和重大突破,从科技创新方面支撑和促进山区又好又快又安全的发展.最终引领世界山地科学的发展.     

让江源之说回归真实

介绍了20世纪70年代江源地区的测图情况,指出沱沱河正源纳钦曲是兰州军区测绘部队1974年发现并测图。论述了认定河源诸项标准的由来,指出确定河源不可随意择取认定标准和确定主次。对"三源说"提出了质疑:沱沱河源于尕恰迪如岗雪山群东南侧两初始冰川,而非姜古迪如南侧冰川;认为把楚玛尔河定为长江的北源,既不符合实际,又搞乱了水系的干支名系关系,并出现多个源头,有违发源地的地域慨念。依江源数十条源流形成的密集扇形分布水系,提出长江发源地应表述为:源于唐古拉山脉北麓。按照认定河源的诸项标准,对长江诸源进行了分析与比量,当曲各项均为最优,认为当曲才是长江正源,源于霞舍日啊巴山峰东侧的多朝能谷地。指出量算长江的精确长度,应顾及诸多因素并建议重新量算。