Turbulence Statistics Above And Within Two Amazon Rain Forest Canopies

The turbulence structure in two Amazon rain forestswas characterised for a range of above-canopystability conditions, and the results compared withprevious studies in other forest canopies and recenttheory for the generation of turbulent eddies justabove forest canopies. Three-dimensional wind speedand temperature fluctuation data were collectedsimultaneously at up to five levels inside and abovetwo canopies of 30–40 m tall forests, during threeseparate periods. We analysed hourly statistics, jointprobability distributions, length scales, spatialcorrelations and coherence, as well as power spectraof vertical and horizontal wind speed.The daytime results show a sharp attenuation ofturbulence in the top third of the canopies, resultingin very little movement, and almost Gaussianprobability distributions of wind speeds, in the lowercanopy. This contrasts with strongly skewed andkurtotic distributions in the upper canopy. At night,attenuation was even stronger and skewness vanishedeven in the upper canopy. Power spectral peaks in thelower canopy are shifted to lower frequencies relativeto the upper canopy, and spatial correlations andcoherences were low throughout the canopy. Integrallength scales of vertical wind speed at the top of thecanopy were small, about 0.15 h compared to avalue of 0.28 h expected from the shear lengthscale at the canopy top, based on the hypothesis that theupper canopy air behaves as a plane mixing layer. Allthis suggests that, although exchange is not totallyinhibited, tropical rain forest canopies differ from other forests in that rapid, coherentdownward sweeps do not penetrate into the lowercanopy, and that length scales are suppressed. This isassociated with a persistent inversion of stability inthat region compared to above-canopy conditions. Theinversion is likely to be maintained by strong heatabsorption in the leaves concentrated near thecanopy top, with the generally weak turbulence beingunable to destroy the temperature gradients over thelarge canopy depth.     

Turbulence Characteristics In The Surface Boundary Layer Over The South American Pampa

This paper presents results of turbulence measurementsmade in the south of Brazil in the Pampa region.Data collected at 1Hz are used to calculatestandard deviations of temperature and velocities. Onthe other hand data collected at 10Hz areused to study the behaviour of spectra and cospectraof turbulence in the surface layer. Dimensionless dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy and temperature variance are also presented. The frameworkof Monin–Obukhov Similarity theory is used and allresults are compared with other experimentalstudies.     

黄海气旋数值模拟的可视化

对一次黄海气旋数值模拟进行了可视化研究, 给出了气旋云系、锋面、流场、涡度场的立体图像, 展示了可视化软件Live View在数值模拟研究中有广阔的应用前景.     

1999年山西应县—浑源4.6级地震宏观烈度考察报告

在对 1999年 5月 15日山西省应县—浑源 ML4.6地震宏观烈度考察的基础上 ,得出极震区烈度为 度 ,呈椭圆形 ,长轴走向北东 ,长度 13km,短轴 10 km,面积 10 2 km2的结论。分析了地震的发震构造 ,认为北东向的恒山北麓断裂是控制大同盆地的南部边界断裂 ,为控震构造 ,北西向的次级活动断层为此次地震的发震构造。指出 ,该次地震破坏较重的原因是由于震源浅     

西太平洋副热带高压强度和位置的气候特征

利用45年西太平洋副热带高压5个特征指数的月平均资料,对副高强度和位置变化的气候特征进行了诊断研究.结果表明,副高的强度在一年中出现两次峰值,第一次出现在6月,第二次在9月.在45年里,副高强度有明显加强,副高位置有南落西移的趋势.副高强度存在3～4 年、10～13 年的振荡周期,10～13年的周期振荡在1950、1960、1970年代占主要地位,3～4年的周期振荡在1980、1990年代占主要地位.副高在1978年附近发生气候突变,副高强度由负距平为主转为正距平为主,而脊线位置正好相反.     

热带气旋对广州经济建设的影响及其减灾对策

着重分析热带气旋的活动规律,热带气旋灾害的气候特点以及对经济建设的影响.提出热带气旋的减灾对策:气象部门应建立热带气旋防灾减灾系统,加强卫星遥感技术在热带气旋灾害监测中的应用,积极开展气象工程服务;政府和社会应做好防御工程建设,制定和完善防御台风、暴雨等灾害的具体措施,积极发展保险事业,加强城郊防御热带气旋和宣传等防灾减灾工作.     

利用GPS观测结果对我国地壳水平形变强度的分析

介绍利用中国地壳运动观测网络区域网(包括基本网与基准网)1999年与2001年2期GPS观测所获得的中国大陆地壳水平位移速率结果, 研究块体的划分、 块体位移与块体变形, 提出了用位移(速率)离散度分析块体或局部水平变形强度的方法, 分析了中国大陆现今地壳运动的基本特征及2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级大地震前的地壳水平运动。     

论澜沧江下游地区外向型热区工业的发展与布局

分析论证了澜沧江下游地区发展外向型热区工业的可行性与必要性,认为在建设中的老缅泰国际经济合作区的宏观背景下,澜沧江下游地区应充分利用其独特而又丰富的热区生物资源和显著的边疆优势,发现和建立一个以糖、茶、橡胶、南药与香料、林等热区资源加工基地为主体,进出口加工为指向,地域功能分工明确的外币型热区工业体系,以带动和促进区域经济全面发展。     

非绝热加热对热带气旋径向非均匀结构的影响

利用平面极坐标系下无摩擦有外源(非绝热加热)的正压无辐散方程,将热带气旋的物理量分解成环境场和扰动,进而求出了热带气旋扰动的行波解,并分析了风场(切向、径向)和重力位势扰动场的径向非均匀松紧结构.表明:这种松紧结构与热带气旋所在纬度的科氏参数(f)、热带气旋的强度(Ω)、热带气旋扰动的圆频率(ω)、热带气旋扰动在θ方向的角波数(m)有关,且不同要素的松紧结构不尽相同;同时还受非绝热加热(Q₁)的影响,这种影响主要表现在使风场(切向、径向)呈内紧外松的非均匀分布.     

Land Cover Change and its Environmental Significance in the Herbert River Catchment,North-east Queensland

There has been considerable recent concern over the amount of vegetation clearance in the wet tropics of northern Australia. This paper reports on the results of a case study undertaken in the lower Herbert River catchment in north-east Queensland, which utilised remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess both spatial and temporal changes in land cover since European settlement in the mid-nineteenth century. We demonstrate that since European settlement there has been a substantial reduction in the area of Melaleuca, rainforest, and eucalyptus-dominated land-cover patterns. We also provide a range of quantitative measures to show that the landscape diversity, integrity and quality of these ecosystems have also declined between the 1860s and 1996. We conclude that reform is required at policy, planning and enterprise levels if the ecological, economic and social values of these systems are to be maintained in the future.