Modern Numerical Ephemerides of Planets and the Importance of Ranging Observations for Their Creation

The JPL planetary and lunar ephemerides – DE200/LE200, DE403/LE403, DE405/LE405 and the planetary and lunar ephemerides, EPM87, EPM98, and EPM2000, constructed in the Institute of Applied Astronomy of RAS are described. Common properties and differences of the various ephemerides are given. Graphical comparisons of the DE ephemerides with each other and with the EPM ephemerides are presented. A fairly good agreement of planetary orbits is between DE403, DE405 and EPM98, EPM2000, respectively, over the interval of 120 years (1886–2006) covered by EPM98 and EPM2000. Some differences are explained by a slight disagreement in representing the orbits of Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta as they affect the planets. The accurate radar observations of planets and spacecraft make it possible not only to improve the orbital elements of planets but to determine a broad set of astronomical constants as well: km/AU, parameters of Mars rotation including its precessional rate, the masses of Jupiter, Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta, relativistic parameters of the PPN formalism, the variability of the gravitational constant G. These have been obtained in the fitting process of the DE405 and EPM2000 ephemerides to observational data, including nearly 80000 American and Russian radar observations of planets (1961–1997), ranging and doppler to the Viking and Pathfinder landers, and other miscellaneous measurements from various sources and spacecraft.     

多普勒天气雷达冰雹探测算法评估及检验改进

利用新一代多普勒天气雷达资料和WSR-88D提供的冰雹指数算法,对2005年1月至2007年8月发生在贵州省黔西南地区的20个冰雹个例进行验证。用此算法对20个风暴日的样本计算了WT（警报阈值）、H（相对雷达的高度）、M（漏报率）、FA（虚警率）、POD／FAR／CSI（探测概率／误报率／临界成功指数）等多个函数,并将这些数据与强冰雹指数（SHI）作对比分析,将SHI作为冰雹尺寸的预报因子进行独立评估,对实际观测到的冰雹尺寸与模式预报尺寸进行比较。在考虑了本地环境、气候特征的前提下对误警率较高的情况进行了算法补尝,并针对误警率较高的现象提出解决办法：①输入当天的正确0℃／-20℃高度,②提高冰雹探测反射率阈值。用改进方法对2007年发生的9次冰雹天气过程进行对比检验。结果表明,误报率有所降低,预报冰雹尺寸更接近实际探测尺寸。     

Arietid Meteor Orbits Measurements

The Arietid meteor shower is one of the strongest of the year. The origin of this daytime shower is unknown; the orbit is therefore of great interest, since an accurate orbit distribution is needed to integrate the shower backward in time to test associations with comets or asteroids. The orbital parameters of the Arietid shower as a function of time, with errors, have been generated using 415 radar orbits gathered at the CMOR facility in Tavistock, Canada.     

RADAR MEASUREMENTS OF MACRO FRAGMENTATION IN METEOROIDS

Fragmentation of an ablating meteoroid is a process that depends on the physical constitution of the body and the internal structure. These parameters are thought to control temperature gradients within the body. Phase signatures from the University of Canterbury’s AMOR facility are shown to be able to resolve instances in which meteors are subject to gross macro-fragmentation where the meteoroid body disrupts into a few discrete components.     

90年代天气雷达监测网建设与发展

介绍美国、欧洲、中国９０年代高级天气雷达监测网建设与发展概况和瑞士的Ｍｅｔ－Ｎｅｔ高级气象雷达数据网系统的主要技术特色     

冰雹云雷达回波自动识别系统

利用CAPPI资料对立体风暴进行识别，计算并提供出实用的风暴结构参数，采用矩心踊跃法和矩不变量法相结合对单体风暴和混合性风暴回波进行跟踪；最小二第线性外推预报；根据WSD－88D的冰雹算法，在风暴结构基础上本文建立了Windows98操作平台上冰雹识别系统，经单站1年11次强对流天气过程的资料检验，结果表明：雹云识别精度达82％。系统建立了大量人机对话框以方便用户，增加实用性及推广性。     

数字化天气雷达回波资料在人工影响天气工作中的处理应用

主要讨论通过数字化天气雷达终端获得的回波资料，在回波类型识别、垂直累积含水量计算，人工增雨防雹作业指标的确定及效果检验等技术产品获得中的处理技术及应用等问题。     

Deriving Changjiang coastal zone wind from C-band SAR and its application to salinity simulation

Wind plays an important role in hydrodynamic processes such as the expansion of Changjiang （Yangtze） River Diluted Water （CDW）, and shelf circulation in the Changjiang estuary. Thus, it is essential to include wind in the numerical simulation of these phenomena. Synthetic aperture radar （SAR） with high resolution and wide spatial coverage is valuable for measuring spatially inhomogeneous ocean surface wind fields. We have collected 87 ERS-2 SAR images with wind-induced streaks that cover the Cbangjiang coastal area, to verify and improve the validity of wind direction retrieval using the 2D fast Fourier transform method. We then used these wind directions as inputs to derive SAR wind speeds using the C-band model. To demonstrate the applicability of the algorithms, we validated the SAR-retrieved wind fields using QuikSCAT measurements and the atmospheric Weather Research Forecasting model. In general, we found good agreement between the datasets, indicating the reliability and applicability of SAR- retrieved algorithms under different atmospheric conditions. We investigated the main error sources of this process, and conducted sensitivity analyses to estimate the wind speed errors caused by the effect of speckle, uncertainties in wind direction, and inaccuracies in the normalized radar cross section. Finally, we used the SAR-retrieved wind fields to simulate the salinity distribution off the Changjiang estuary. The findings of this study will be valuable for wind resource assessment and the development of future numerical ocean models based on SAR images.     

基于极坐标投影的多谱勒雷达数据栅格化技术

通过研究球面距离算法、极坐标投影原理及新一代多谱勒天气雷达产品的数据存储格式,实现精度较高的雷达数据栅格化,为雷达回波追踪、降水算法优化、短时临近预报等相关的应用与研究提供经过仰角订正、球面距离订正后的更准确更通用的产品数据.