铜对海洋生物毒理学研究进展及展望

铜元素是人类和海洋生物必需的微量金属元素之一,对于海洋生物的生命活动具有重要意义,但过量的铜也对海洋生物造成危害.本文归纳了近几年国内外学者采用不同铜源对海洋生物的毒性毒理机制研究的相关资料和实验结果;总结了海洋生态水环境、养殖环境等标准中铜元素的限量以及检测方法;并在主要海洋生物的生长繁殖和富集过程生理生化指标的影响...     

Toxic Effects of Copper‐Based and Synthetic Organic Pesticides on Activated Sludge

Toxic effects of five commonly used pesticides on the biomass of a municipal activated sludge system were determined on the basis of the reduction in the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR). Toxicity levels of the selected pesticides were determined by employing a modified OECD 209 (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) method which was performed as batch experiments using a respirometer. Copper sulphate (CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O), copper oxychloride (Cu₂Cl(OH)₃), copper calcium oxychloride (CaCu₃Cl₂(OH)₆) as copper‐based pesticides and chlorsulphuron (C₁₂H₁₂ClN₅O₄S), 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) (C₈H₆Cl₂O₃) as synthetic organic pesticides were selected for the experiments. The EC₅₀ values were determined to be 78, 249 and 281 mg/L for CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O, Cu₂Cl(OH)₃ and CaCu₃Cl₂(OH)₆, respectively. Corresponding values for C₁₂H₁₂ClN₅O₄S and 2,4‐D were 860 and 3664 mg/L, respectively. Results indicated that toxicity effects of copper‐based pesticides were higher than that of synthetic organic pesticides. CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O was found to exert the highest toxicity among the copper‐based pesticides, whereas, C₁₂H₁₂ClN₅O₄S was determined to be the most toxic among the organic pesticides on activated sludge biomass.     

Toxicity of metal mixtures to the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae

According to the literature, the safe level of a toxic substance for any given organism may be calculated from its median lethal concentration multiplied by a suitable application factor (AF: usually 0.1 and 0.01). The medial lethal concentrations for Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae exposed to the mixtures in equitoxic proportions of Cd–Hg, Hg–Zn and Hg–Pb were close to one order of magnitude lower than the values calculated from individual toxicity tests, indicating a synergistic effect, while the mixture Cd–Zn showed an antagonistic effect. Exposure to the mixture of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb caused 63.3% and 100% mortality after 21 and 13 days for 0.05 and 0.1 AF, showing that environmental safe concentrations of toxicants should not be calculated from individual toxicity tests.     

Effects of alumina refinery wastewater and signature metal constituents at the upper thermal tolerance of: 2. The early life stages of the coral Acropora tenuis

The success of early life history transitions of the coral Acropora tenuis were used as endpoints to evaluate thermal stress and the effects of wastewater discharged to a tropical marine environment. The studies assessed the effects of: (i) temperature; (ii) three signature metals of the wastewater, aluminium (Al), vanadium (V) and gallium (Ga); and (iii) the wastewater (at 27 °C and 32 °C) on fertilisation and larval metamorphosis. The median inhibition temperatures for fertilisation and metamorphosis were 32.8 °C and 33.0 °C, respectively. Fertilisation IC₅₀s for Al, V and Ga were 2997, 2884 and 3430 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Metamorphosis IC₅₀s for Al, V and Ga were 1945, 675 and 3566 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The wastewater only affected fertilisation and metamorphosis at moderate concentrations (IC₅₀s = 63% and 67%, v/v, respectively, at 27 °C), posing a low risk to this species in the field. The effects of wastewater and temperature on fertilisation and metamorphosis were additive.     

Distribution, magnitude and characterization of the toxicity of Ukrainian estuarine sediments

During the Soviet era, Ukraine was an important industrial and agricultural region of the Soviet Union. This industrial and agricultural activity resulted in contamination of Ukraine’s estuaries with legacy anthropogenic pollutants. Investigations on the toxicological effects of this estuarine contamination have been limited. For this research, we measured the toxicity of contaminated sediments from four Ukrainian estuaries to several aquatic organisms over 3 years. Sediment chemical analyses and whole sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) were also performed to determine the classes of contaminants contributing to toxicity. Toxic sediments were observed in several of the Ukrainian estuaries and chemical analyses of the sediments demonstrated anthropogenic contaminants were widely distributed. Contaminants were also detected in macrobenthic organisms collected from the sediments. Several lines of evidence, including TIEs, indicated hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) were contributing substantially to observed toxicity. This information can guide environmental managers to prioritize portions of the estuaries requiring remediation.     

Disinfection by-products and ecotoxicity of ballast water after oxidative treatment – Results and experiences from seven years of full-scale testing of ballast water management systems

Since 2005, five different ballast water management systems (BWMSs) based on chlorination treatment have been tested by Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) according to guidelines from the International Maritime Organization (IMO). 25% and >50% of all the tested discharge samples exhibited acute and chronic toxic effects on algae, respectively. In most cases this toxicity was plausibly caused by a high free residual oxidant (FRO) level (>0.08 mg Cl/l). Of the 22 disinfection by-products (DBPs) that were identified in treated water at discharge, four compounds were at times found at concentrations that may pose a risk to the local aquatic environment. However, there seemed to be no clear indication that the measured DBP concentrations contributed to the observed algal toxicity. The addition of methylcellulose instead of lignin in the test water to comply with IMO requirements seemed to limit the formation of DBP.     

The use of bioluminescent dinoflagellates as an environmental risk assessment tool

A novel toxicity method to determine sublethal and lethal effects of manmade contaminants on the bioluminescence output from marine dinoflagellates has been developed and tested over the course of 16 years. The toxicity system, QwikLite™, was developed for the sole purpose of evaluating the potential toxicity of various materials used in bay sediments, storm water discharges, industrial discharges from Naval facilities, and antifoulant paints. Bioluminescence inhibition was observed in the following dinoflagellates: Lingulodinium polyedrum (formerly known as Gonyaulax polyedra), Ceratocorys horrida, Pyrocystis noctiluca, Pyrocystis lunula, Pyrocystis fusiformis, and Pyrophacus steinii. Cultured cells were exposed to various concentrations of contaminants from hours through 10 days. Further application with bioluminescent dinoflagellates in a variety of toxicity testing schemes have shown that these species can be used as a screening assay organism in lieu of the more costly, labor intensive bioassays presently in use.     

A comparison of acute and chronic toxicity tests used to examine the temporal stability of a gradient in copper tolerance of Hediste diversicolor from the Fal estuary, Cornwall, UK

The aim of this study was to use two different toxicity tests to verify the existence of a gradient in tolerance along Rostronguet Creek. Hediste diversicolor was collected from five populations in the Fal estuary previously shown to vary in copper tolerance. Exposure to 4 mgL(-1) of copper in an acute assay demonstrated that Mylor Creek worms were sensitive (LT(50) 86 h) and the tolerance of Rostronguet Creek worms increased moving upstream from the mouth of the creek (LT(50)s 100-258 h). There was no significant difference in tolerance between Mylor worms and worms from the mouth of Rostronguet Creek. This is in agreement with a previous study [Grant, A., Hateley, J.G., Jones, N.V., 1989. Mapping the ecological impact of heavy metals on the estuarine polychaete Nereis diversicolor using inherited metal tolerance. Marine Pollution Bulletin 20, 235-238] and demonstrates temporal stability of the gradient. Copper tolerance was also measured using a chronic toxicity test run for 90 d using step-wise increases in challenge concentration. A significant difference in tolerance was shown between populations from Mylor Creek and those at the mouth of Rostronguet Creek, which has not been reported previously. Experimental protocol was therefore an important factor in detecting population variation in tolerance.     

氟乐灵对斑节对虾卵和幼体的毒性研究

采用静水生物试验法测定了氟乐灵对斑节对虾卵和幼体的急性毒性。结果表明：氟乐灵对斑节对虾无节幼体、蚤状幼体、糠虾幼体和仔虾的２４ｈＬＣ５０／×１０－６分别是１．６８，０．８３，１．８４和２．０９；４８ｈＬＣ５０／×１０－６分别是０．７６，０．５３，１．０９和１．５１。５．０１×１０－６氟乐灵浸浴受精卵１２ｈ，５０％的受精卵可孵化。第２２天仔虾用１０×１０－６以下浓度的氟乐灵浸浴５ｍｉｎ，对其存活率无影响。     

Flow cytometry and pigment analyses as tools to investigate the toxicity of herbicides to natural phytoplankton communities

Characterisation of natural phytoplanktonic communities is currently being advanced through flow cytometry and high resolution pigment analyses. To date, toxicological methods to assess impacts of herbicides on natural phytoplankton populations are lacking. Here, we report the novel use of these techniques in combination to study changes in phytoplankton populations exposed to 2-methylthio-4-tertiary-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine (Irgarol 1051), a herbicide used in antifouling paints. Flow cytometry results revealed that following a 72-h exposure to approximately 100 ngL(-1), eukaryote abundance was less than half that in the controls. High performance liquid chromatographic analyses of pigments demonstrated that 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin was selectively lost relative to the control. This carotenoid is specific to the prymnesiophytes which are key constituents of phytoplanktonic communities within temperate marine waters. Values of EC(50) (72 h) as low as 70 ngL(-1) were calculated from the selective reduction in this compound. Concentrations substantially exceeding this level have been reported in UK and other European coastal waters.