安装期单层保温管层间剪切力分析

在浅水海域,采用单层保温管结构代替双重钢管保温结构具有很好的发展应用前景,但在单层管的铺设过程中管线各层之间和保温层内将产生较大的剪应力,如何防止各层间的错动和保温层材料的剪切破坏是设计所必须解决的两个主要问题。以渤海某油田海底管线建设项目为例,根据单层保温管的结构特点,力的层间传递特性和变形协调条件,建立了单层保温管各层层间剪切力和保温层中剪应力的计算方法,为海底单层保温管的设计提供了依据。     

深厚覆盖层坝基渗流特征及渗漏量计算

某水坝区覆盖层分布广,类型多,深度大.在分析各部位覆盖层成因的基础上,对蓄水前后的坝基渗流场特征和渗漏量进行分析与计算.成果显示,经过防渗帷幕处理后,绕坝渗漏量大幅减少,满足工程要求.     

An analytic expression for wind-velocity profile within the saltation layer

The vertical wind-velocity profile within the saltation layer is investigated theoretically. New equations for the fluid shear stress distribution in the saltation layer and the velocity profile affected by saltation are derived. The dependence of the velocity profile on the threshold shear velocity, the vertical variations of sand grain velocity, the vertical sand-mass-flux distribution, and the fluid shear stress within the saltation are demonstrated. Velocity profiles with or without Bagnold's focus are predicted. These velocity profiles are not very sensitive to the vertical distribution of sand-mass flux. Predicted velocity profiles are compared with profiles measured in the wind tunnel, and satisfactory agreement has been achieved.     

中层顶区Na原子分布昼夜变化的模拟研究

Na原子可以作为大气动力学过程（如潮汐波、重力波等）的示踪剂，因而对Na层的探测研究成为研究中层顶区的重要手段. 本文建立了时变的中高层大气光化学模式，并与国际电离层模式 (IRI 95) 与Na层光化学理论相结合，建立完整时变的中高层大气Na层光化学模式,着重研究Na层分布的昼夜变化. 计算结果表明，在Na原子分布的峰值附近，Na层不出现大的昼夜变化，而在Na层的上部和下部，Na原子密度存在明显的昼夜变化. 这些特性与实际的观测结果比较一致.     

确定“隐蔽层”厚度的pc—1500程序

“隐蔽层”用浅层初至波记录不到,而有“隐蔽层”存在时,在折射解释中常常产生两种误差。确定“隐蔽层”的厚度,是工程物探、工程地质和工程地震学中的一个重要问题。本文给出了确定两种“隐蔽层”厚度的pc—1500程序,简便实用。     

阳离子对蒙脱石胶体絮凝的影响

蒙脱石胶体的絮凝受水中阳离子的浓度和类型的影响,通过配置不同浓度的NaCl、KCl、CaCl2、MgCl2溶液,观察蒙脱石在溶液中的沉降过程,发现随钠、钾离子浓度增加,蒙脱石絮凝作用增强;而钙、镁离子对于蒙脱石絮凝存在临界值,大于该临界浓度反而使胶体重新稳定,由Zeta电位可知,是由专属作用导致;小于临界浓度的规律同一价阳离子相同;离子类型对蒙脱石体积膨胀也有影响,在同等浓度梯度下,体积膨胀量大小顺序为NaCl KCl MgCl2 CaCl2。Zeta电位试验结果表明导致絮凝的原因是悬液状态下阳离子化合价和浓度使蒙脱石颗粒双电层厚度发生改变。     

Spatial distributions and seasonal variations of features related to a venting process at high southern latitudes observed by the MOC camera

A distinctive terrain named cryptic region which is characterized by regions of low albedo and low temperature has been identified on the Martian south polar cap. In this zone, many fan- and spider-shaped features of km-scale appeared following the sublimation of the CO₂ frost layer. These peculiar features were apparently caused by a wind-blown system of dust-laden jets. During the warming period starting at L_s∼180°, the seasonal ice cap regresses and fans and spiders appear in sequence. These surface features are repeatable events that tend to occupy the same areas from year to year. In this study, we use the Mars Orbiter camera (MOC) narrow-angle images to produce a statistical study of the time distributions of the fans and spiders as functions of L_s and as functions of the topography. The time variations and spatial distributions of these features are further correlated with the CO₂ ice coverage measured by the Mars Orbiter laser altimeter (MOLA) instrument. We have documented that most of the fans are found in the early spring with L_s<230° and the fans and spiders coexist at L_s=250°±20°. It is also found that there is a strong dependence on latitude and altitude with fans and spiders most often observed at high latitude (>83°S) and high altitude (>2500 m). Our statistical result also indicates that the occurrence of fans is highly correlated with the thickness of the CO₂ frost thus providing support for the venting model.     

青藏高原东坡理塘地区近地层湍流通量与微气象特征研究

简要介绍青藏高原东坡理塘大气综合观测站长期观测试验,并利用2006年1、7月资料分别代表该站冬季和夏季,初步分析和比较该地区冬、夏季近地层微气象特征和湍流通最输送情况,得到了以下结论:(1)风、温、湿均表现出明显的日变化特征.冬季风速值平均大于夏季,风速极大值均出现在下午;冬季温度梯度早晚大,白天小,而夏季均较小;湿度梯度早晚大于白天.(2)中件条件下风速廓线对数关系表现为一条直线而非中件条件下略偏离对数关系,晚上均有逆温现象出现.在一定高度能观测到较弱的逆湿现象.(3)冬季以感热为主,潜热值较小,夏季以潜热为主,但感热也较大,且冬季通量值要远小于夏季;冬季动量通量平均大于夏季,二氧化碳通量远小于夏季;浅层(地面以下2和5 cm)土壤热通量也具有明显的日变化特征,白天从土壤吸收热量,夜间则放出热量.(4)地面热源强度具有显著的日变化特征:白天为强热源,夜间冷热源特征不明显.冬季和夏季全天平均表现为热源,但夏季强度远大于冬季,平均达到134 W/m2左右,冬季仪约35.3 W/m2.     

RS485总线在近地层通量观测系统中的应用

RS485接口具有良好的抗噪声干扰性、长传输距离和接收多站数据能力等优点,使其成为分布式测量控制系统首选的串行接口。介绍了RS485总线的特点、工作方式、组网及在张掖近地层通量观测系统中的具体应用,同时探讨了RS485总线使用中的一些问题及采取的应对措施。     

Similarity Scaling Of Surface-Released Smoke Plumes

Concentration fluctuation data from surface-layer released smokeplumes have been investigated with the purpose of finding suitable scaling parametersfor the corresponding two-particle, relative diffusion process.Dispersion properties have been measured at downwind ranges between 0.1 and 1 km from a continuous, neutrally buoyant ground level source. A combinationof SF₆ and chemical smoke (aerosols) was used as tracer. Instantaneous crosswind concentration profiles of high temporal (up to 55 Hz) and spatialresolution (down to 0.375 m) were obtained from aerosol-backscatter Lidar detectionin combination with simultaneous gas chromatograph (SF₆) reference measurements. The database includes detailed crosswind concentration fluctuation measurements. Each experiment, typically of 1/2-hour duration, containsplume mean and variance concentration profiles, intermittency profiles andexceedence and duration statistics. The diffusion experiments were accompanied by detailed in-situ micrometeorological mean and turbulence measurements. In this paper, a new distance-neighbour function for surface-released smoke plumes is proposed, accompanied by experimental evidence in its support. The new distance-neighbour function is found to scale with the surface-layer friction velocity,and not with the inertial subrange dissipation rate, over the range of distance-neighbour separations considered.