Distribution and composition of organic matter in surface sediments of coastal Southeast Alaska

Total organic carbon (TOC) and biogenic silica (opal) content, elemental (C/N) and isotopic (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) composition of organic matter and the content of lipid biomarkers derived from both marine and terrestrial sources constrain relative contributions from marine productivity and continental erosion to surface sediments throughout coastal SE Alaska (54°N to 61°N). TOC and opal content are very high (up to 8% and 33% by weight, respectively) in fjords and inlets south of Icy Strait (∼58°N) and uniformly low at offshore sites to the south, and at both offshore and inland sites to the north (averaging 0.6±0.3% and 2.3±1.8%, respectively). TOC and opal mass accumulation rates (MARs, based on bulk density and ²¹⁰Pb-derived sediment MAR) suggest dilution with terrigenous, inorganic detrital materials accounts for the low concentrations of both biogenic phases in sediments from the glacial tidewater fjords of Muir and Yakutat Bays but not elsewhere. C/N, δ¹³C, and δ¹⁵N indicate a dominant marine origin for organic matter deposited at most sites. This conclusion implicates elevated primary productivity in inland waters to the south with diatoms, based on opal results, being the dominant contributor. A very significant terrestrial organic fraction (25–50%) is contained in sediments deposited on the continental shelf to the north of 58°N. Hydrocarbon biomarkers indicate the terrestrial fraction in sediments from this region is represented by old organic matter (kerogen) likely contained within riverborne particles eroding from now heavily glaciated adjacent landscapes. In sediment to the south, the terrestrial fraction is traced to modern soil organic matter eroded from the now non-glaciated, heavily forested adjacent landscape. Our study provides a framework to guide future investigations of short- (anthropogenic) to long- (Holocene) term environmental and/or climate change in this region through down-core, stratigraphic analysis.     

沉积物中钍同位素分析样品的处理方法比较研究

分别用HCl浸取和HF全溶法分析研究沉积物中的同位素^232Th、^230Th、^228Th，并对所分析的结果进行全面的对照比较，盐酸浓度、温度及样品的矿物组分都能影响这3种同位素的酸浸取效率，对于一种确定的沉积物来说，在相同的浸取条件下，^228Th的酸浸取效率总是高于^232Th，这是由于α辐射子体同位素的反冲作用造成的，与HCl浸取法比较，HF全溶法更可靠、更准确。     

TSP断层模型数值模拟

隧道在施工开挖中会遇到各种地质问题,其中以断层和软弱带居多,目前隧道地质预报主要采用TSP(tunnel seismic prediction)系统进行。虽然TSP技术应用广泛,但目前对它的研究工作主要集中于工程应用实例,采用正演模拟方法进行的研究较少。笔者采用有限元方法模拟隧道地震波场,采用波场快照与时间记录相结合的方法研究断层对隧道地震波场传播的影响,并对含断层模型的时间记录进行了反演处理,得到了数值模型的速度云图和反射层位图。数据处理结果表明:采用TSP Win软件默认值处理得到的速度云图与模型设定的断层位置一致;根据反射层位图,对异常速度带的层状模型来说,P波预报的准确性更高。研究表明,TSP系统具有良好的抗噪性能。通过对工程实例的处理,验证了数值模拟所得结论。     

DEM investigation of the effect of intermediate principle stress on particle breakage of granular materials

This study investigates the influence of the intermediate principle stress on the particle breakage of granular materials. The crushable agglomerate method is applied to model soil particles and numerical true triaxial tests were carried out. The results show that particle breakage increases with increasing b value, the relationship of which follows an exponential function and agrees well with previous experimental results. More importantly, the study found that the relationship between particle breakage and total energy input is independent of the intermediate principle stress, which provides a good basis for the constitutive modeling of granular materials.     

断层两盘岩层错动、错距和相对运动关系

岩层迹线是岩层在断层面上的交迹线。它和两盘相对运动力的相交关系及相对运动力在断层面上的特殊位置,可以得出岩层错动和相对运动之间三条普遍规律和三条特殊规律。六条规律普遍存在于除了具有复杂地质现象的深、大断裂等以外的一切较常见的断层中。它们之间有简易规律可循。大量立体图形显示:一般的断层都可有多种不同的力学成因;两种不同的岩错现象,也可有相同的力学成因。总错距是上下盘相当层迹线之间的最短距离,尚未被研究过。它影响到其他各种岩(地)层错距的大小及层位错动的比例。     

Impact of NaSO4 dominated ionic strength on trace metal removal products in vertical flow bioreactors

Vertical flow bioreactors (VFBR) are often used as a component of passive treatment systems (PTS) to treat mine drainage. One of the primary purposes of VFBR is to remove trace metals from mine drainage and retain them in the organic substrate. Elevated ionic strength may impact the performance of VFBR and affect their ability to remove trace metals. A paired-comparison study was performed to determine how products of trace metal removal may change when ionic strength is elevated due to increased concentrations of common contributors to TDS, specifically sodium and sulfate. A sequential extraction procedure (SEP) and acid-volatile sulfide/simultaneously extracted metals analyses (AVS/SEM) were used to determine dominant Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn removal products in bench-scale VFBR. Elevated ionic strength resulted in more Pb being retained in the substrates as an insoluble sulfide and less Mn being removed via adsorption to the substrates. An increase in ionic strength had a greater impact on adsorption when sulfate reduction was inhibited, with percentages of Mn and Zn removed via this mechanism decreasing by at least half. This finding could be particularly significant at the start of VFBR operation when adsorption is expected to be the primary removal mechanism.     

Characteristics of major and trace elements in surface sediments of the Makran Accretionary Prism,Pakistan and their implications for natural gas hydrates

To accurately identify the natural gas hydrates (NGH) in the sea area of the Makran Accretionary Prism, Pakistan, this paper presents the testing and analysis of major and trace elements in sediment samples taken from two stations (S₂ and S₃) in the area by the China Geological Survey. As shown by testing results, all major elements are slightly different in content between the two stations except SiO₂ and CaO. This also applies to the trace elements that include Sr and Ba primarily and Cr, Ni and Zn secondarily. It can be concluded in this study that the tectonic setting of the Makran Accretionary Prism is dominated by oceanic island arc and that provenance of the Makran Accretionary Prism is dominated by felsic igneous provenance, which is at the initial weathering stage and mainly consists of granodiorite. Besides terrigenous detritus, there are sediments possibly originating from Makran-Bela Ophiolite from the northwestern part and Murray Ridge igneous rocks from the southeastern part. The V/Cr, Ni/Co, and V/(V+Ni) ratios indicate that sediments of the two stations are in an oxidation-suboxidation environment. However, the authors infer that the sedimentary environment of the sediments 3.0 m below the seafloor tends to be gradually transformed into a reduction environment by comparison with the Qiongdongnan Basin in the South China Sea where NGH has been discovered. The sediments in the Makran Accretionary Prism are rich in organic matter, with total organic carbon (TOC) content greater than 1%. According to comprehensive research, the organic matter in the sediments mainly originates from marine algae and has high TOC content, which is favorable for the formation of NGH.     

(NH_4)_2SO_4浸取EDTA-Zn测定试样中RE_2O_3

稀土元素的分析主要采用有机试剂萃取。偶氮试剂做为显色剂的比色分析,分析手续繁琐,也不易得到满意的分析结果,本文在EDTA容量法的基础上,采用较为简便的(NH4)2SO4浸取EDTA-Zn滴定法直接测定新型稀土总量,大大简化了试样的分析过程和操作手续。     

贵州兴仁市耕地土壤有效态与对应全量、pH、有机质的相关分析

对采集的数据按平均值加标准差法进行异常值剔除后,用Excel、SPSS软件对几种有效态与对应全量、pH、有机质含量和相关性进行了统计及分析,结果为:速效磷、有效硼含量处于稍缺乏状态,其余处于丰富或很丰富水平;pH以酸性为主。不同pH条件下,有效态与对应全量、pH、有机质相关性存在差异性:酸性条件下,各有效态与对应全量均呈极显著正相关;碱解氮、速效磷、有效硼、有效钼与特定pH值呈极显著或显著正或负相关;碱解氮与有机质呈显著或极显著正相关;速效磷、有效钼、有效锌与有机质在特定pH条件下呈极显著或显著相关。分析结果为农作物平衡施肥、耕地提质改造、促进全域土地综合整治提供了基础依据。     

Yanshanian–Himalayan geodynamic transformation of the northwestern Junggar Basin,southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), and its significance for petroleum accumulation

The northwestern Junggar Basin in the southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt is a typical petroliferous basin. The widely distributed reservoirs in Jurassic–Cretaceous strata indicate that the region records Yanshanian–Himalayan tectonic activity, which affected the accumulation and distribution of petroleum. The mechanism of this effect, however, has not been fully explored. To fill the knowledge gap, we studied the structural geology and geochemistry of the well-exposed Wuerhe bitumen deposit. Our results indicate that deformation and hydrocarbon accumulation in the northwestern Junggar Basin during the Yanshanian–Himalayan geodynamic transformation involved two main stages. During the Yanshanian orogeny, a high-angle extensional fault system formed in Jurassic–Cretaceous strata at intermediate to shallow depths owing to dextral shear deformation in the orogenic belt. This fault system connected at depth with the Permian–Triassic oil–gas system, resulting in oil ascending to form fault-controlled reservoirs (e.g., a veined bitumen deposit). During the Himalayan orogeny, this fault system was deactivated owing to sinistral shear caused by far-field stress related to uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. This and the reservoir densification caused by cementation formed favorable hydrocarbon preservation and accumulation conditions. Therefore, the secondary oil reservoirs that formed during the Yanshanian–Himalayan tectonic transformation and the primary oil reservoirs that formed during Hercynian–Indosinian orogenies form a total and complex petroleum system comprising conventional and unconventional petroleum reservoirs. This might be a common feature of oil–gas accumulation in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and highlights the potential for petroleum exploration at intermediate–shallow depths.