Joint Electrical and Time Domain Electromagnetism (TDEM) Data Inversion Applied to the Super Sauze Earthflow (France)

In order to evaluate the risk of an earthflow to evolve abruptly into torrential surge, knowledge of its internal structure is necessary. This study deals with the internal structure of the Super Sauze earthflow developed in black marls in the southern French Alps. Difficulties in this study area are a rough topography, surface heterogeneities and a large thickness variability of the earthflow mass. These conditions hamper the application of geotechnical methods as a preferred investigation mean. Moreover, they pose problems to geophysical investigations and their interpretation.This paper shows the advantage offered by the joint inversion of Time Domain ElectroMagne-tism data (TDEM) and data obtained from Direct Current soundings (DC). The results of the joint inversions are checked using geotechnical data. The internal structure of the earthflow interpreted on the basis of joint inversion data is comparable to that obtained from geotechnical results. Moreover, contrary to separate electrical and TDEM inversions, a satisfactory joint inversion model can be derived without supplying additional a priori information.     

Tectonically induced climate and its control on the distribution of depositional systems in a continental foreland basin, Cloverly and Lakota Formations (Lower Cretaceous) of Wyoming, U.S.A.

Continental sediments of the Cloverly and Lakota Formations (Lower Cretaceous) in Wyoming are subdivided into three depositional systems: perennial to intermittent alluvial, intermittent to ephemeral alluvial, and playa. Chert-bearing sandstones, conglomerates, carbonaceous mudrocks, blocky mudrocks, and skeletal limestones were deposited by perennial to intermittent alluvial systems. Carbonaceous mudrocks contain abundant wood fragments, cuticle and cortical debris, and other vascular plant remains representing deposition in oxbow lakes, abandoned channels, and on floodplains under humid to seasonal conditions. Intraformational conglomerates, sandstones, bioturbated and blocky mudrocks with caliche nodules, and bioturbated limestones characterize deposition in intermittent to ephemeral alluvial systems. Bioturbated limestones are encased in bioturbated mudrocks with abundant pseudo-slickensides. The presence of caliche nodules in some of the blocky to bioturbated mudrocks is consistent with supersaturation and precipitation of calcium carbonate from groundwater under semi-arid conditions. Caliche nodules, pseudo-slickensides, and carbonate-rich floodplain sediments are interpreted to have been deposited by intermittent to ephemeral alluvial systems under seasonal to semi-arid climatic conditions. Laminated mudrocks, siltstones, vuggy carbonates, bedded to nodular evaporites, pebbly mudrocks, and diamictites were deposited in evaporative alkaline lakes or playas. Pebbly mudrocks and diamictites are interpreted to represent deposition from channelized and unchannelized hyperconcentrated flows on a playa, resulting from intense rain events within the basin.The areal abundance and distribution of these depositional systems change systematically across the overfilled portion of the Early Cretaceous Cordilleran foreland basin in Wyoming. The lower part (A-interval) of the Cloverly and Lakota Formations is characterized by deposits of perennial to intermittent rivers that existed 300 to 1000 km east of the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt. Proximal to the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt, the A-interval of the Cloverly Formation and upper Ephraim Formation of the Gannett Group are typified by deposits of intermittent to ephemeral rivers and their associated floodplains. In the middle part (B-interval) of the Cloverly Formation, intermittent to ephemeral alluvial systems expand to 600 km into the basin. The upper part (C-interval) of the Cloverly Formation is characterized by playa deposits in the Bighorn and Wind River Basins and intermittent to ephemeral alluvial deposits along the front of the ancestral Sevier Mountains. Deposits of perennial to intermittent alluvial systems in the C-interval of the Cloverly and Lakota Formations are restricted to the Black Hills region, almost 900 km to the east of the Sevier Mountains. The change in the areal distribution of depositional systems through time within this continental foreland basin may be attributed to the development of a rain shadow associated with the uplift of the Sevier Mountains in the Early Cretaceous.     

Seismic demands and analysis of site effects in the Marmara region during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake

The characteristics of the strong ground motion accelerograms from the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake are investigated in detail in this study. The emphasis is on the comparison of the response spectra for the fault normal (FN) and fault parallel (FP) components of the ground motions. The results show that the near-fault records with directivity effects characterize themselves with increased base shear demands rather than increased displacement demands for both the FN and FP components and a narrower velocity sensitive region for the FN component. This study also shows that the effectiveness of base isolation may vary from site to site and for a given site, from component to component. The site effects in the Marmara region during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake are examined. Site amplifications are predicted by the classical spectral ratio (CSR) and the receiver function (RF) methods. The CSR method gives higher estimates for the site amplifications compared to the RF method and is in better conformity with the observed damage during the Kocaeli earthquake. The districts of Istanbul that are especially susceptible to site amplification hazard are determined. It is apparent from the results that the site amplification hazard risk is the highest for Avcilar and Bakirkoy districts. This study also shows that for sites which have the risk of soil amplification for long-period structures, liquefaction may not be beneficial as a natural base isolator, and may result in shifting the eigenperiod of the low- and mid-rise structures to the critical periods with high site amplifications. This may be especially the case for Avcilar and Bakirkoy districts. In Fatih, Bakirkoy, and Cekmece districts, the predominant period of the ground motion is calculated to be very close to the eigenperiods of the typical residential buildings. Therefore, these three districts are expected to experience heavier damages in future earthquakes due to resonance effects.     

Estimability analysis of variance and covariance components

Although variance and covariance components have been extensively investigated and a number of elegant formulae to compute them have been derived, nothing is known, without any ambiguity, about their estimability in the case of a fully unknown variance–covariance matrix. We prove that variance and covariance components in this case are not estimable, thus clarifying the ambiguity of the literature on the topic and correcting some erroneous statements in the literature. We also give a new theorem on the estimability of a linear function of variance and covariance components. Then we propose a new method to estimate the variance–covariance matrix with special structure, which can presumably be represented by, at most, r(r + 1)/2 independent parameters to guarantee its estimability in such a subspace, by directly implementing the positive definiteness of the matrix as constraint to the restricted maximum likelihood method, where r is the number of redundant measurements. Therefore, our estimates of the variance and covariance components always reconstruct a positive definite matrix and are always physically meaningful.     

Establishment of research methodology and workflow for the occurrence state of the critical metal cobalt in ore: A case study of the Longqiao cobalt -rich skarn iron deposit in the Luzhong BasinSCIEI北大核心CSCD

关键金属钴的赋存状态是研究关键金属成矿作用的核心问题之一。由于含钴矿物粒度较小,难以在矿床尺度查明关键金属矿物的种类、含量、粒度、分布特征以及与其他矿石矿物和脉石矿物的共生关系,因此亟需建立一套成本低且效率高的钴赋存状态研究流程。本次工作以龙桥铁矿床为例,建立了新的采样与制样流程,提高了样品的代表性,并大幅缩短了样品前处理与制样的时间。通过综合矿物分析技术(TIMA)分析,查明了不同钴含量的三类矿石样品中矿物的含量,在6个实验矿石样品中寻找到了辉砷钴矿、铁硫砷钴矿和硫铜钴矿三种钴矿物共753颗,并使用扫描电镜和能谱分析(SEM-EDS)对钴矿物进行了核验与半定量分析。最后,在同一个树脂靶上利用激光剥蚀-等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)对磁铁矿和黄铁矿进行了原位点分析,进一步查明了样品中钴的赋存状态。本次研究建立了关键金属钴在矿石中赋存状态的研究方法和技术流程,具有制样简单便捷、分析时间短、分析费用低和分析精度高等诸多优点,为矿床尺度上关键金属空间分布规律和赋存状态研究提供了可靠的技术支撑。     

Lithologic and structural mapping of the Abiete–Toko gold district in southern Cameroon,using Landsat 7 ETM+/SRTM

The geology of the Abiete–Toko gold district in South Cameroon is investigated using a combination of Landsat 7 ETM+/SRTM image processing techniques, conventional geologic field mapping and geostatistical analysis. The satellite images were treated using Principal Component Analysis and Sobel filters to separate the background noise from lithotectonic structures which were matched with field data. The results show that this area has been affected by a polyphase deformation represented by S₁ foliation, S_c1 schistosity, L₁ lineation, S₂ foliation, F₂ folds, and F₃ shear zones and faults. A detailed analysis of all the structures led to the identification of two major networks of dextral and sinistral shear zones oriented WNW–ESE and NE–SW, respectively. These results may serve in mining prospection, especially in the search for tectonically controlled primary mineralization and so may significantly guide the exploration of primary gold mineralization in the Abiete–Toko area subjected to years of artisanal gold mining.     

廊坊市非常规水资源开发利用潜力分析

廊坊市是全国严重缺水的地区之一,水资源的短缺已成为廊坊市国民经济持续快速健康发展的“瓶颈”,为了解决水资源的供需矛盾,对廊坊市的微咸水、雨水、再生水等水资源的开发利用进行调查,对非常规水资源开发利用潜力进行分析,提出非常规水资源的开发利用措施,对缓解廊坊市水资源供需矛盾提供建设性建议。     

Na 元素的EPMA 定量分析：矿物晶体结构对Na 行为的制约

Na 属于热扩散元素,具有不稳定性,准确测定有难度。前人对含Na 玻璃和具有不同晶体结构的含Na 矿物的电子探针定量分析发现,随着分析时间的延长,Na 的计数明显下降,并且含Na 玻璃计数的下降要比含Na 矿物相比更为明显,表明Na 计数与试样的结构有关,但对其内在控制因素还不太明确。文章在前人研究的基础上,选择具有代表性不同结构含Na 硅酸盐矿物和非晶质含Na 玻璃作为研究对象,通过对不同晶体结构中Na 元素所处的位置、配位数、键性类型的特征进行总结,针对不同晶体结构中Na 原子扩散条件和是否存在附加阴离子与之相伴等因素,对比分析不同晶体结构中Na 计数下降的程度,深入探讨了导致Na 计数下降的内在原因。结果显示,试样分析过程中Na 计数下降顺序为：非晶质> 架状>层状> 环状> 单链状> 双链,且有附加阴离子的含Na 矿物要大于无附加阴离子的矿物。通过对不同测试条件下Na 计数的对比分析发现,加速电压、束流、束斑直径等改变,都会对Na 计数产生一定的影响。最终总结得出了准确测定含Na 硅酸盐矿物的最佳分析条件,为准确测定含Na 矿物和玻璃中的Na 含量提供参考。     

4000 m岩心钻机桅杆结构设计与有限元分析

桅杆是钻机的重要组成部分,本文对勘探技术研究所自主研制的4000米岩心钻机桅杆进行结构设计,在Solidworks中完成桅杆的建模,运用ANSYS Workbench对桅杆装配体进行有限元分析,完成对桅杆结构强度和刚度的校核,并对其进行模态分析,得到前10阶固有频率和振型,与激振源进行对比,分析发现第1阶、第2阶固有频率与钻机转盘和起升系统频率有重叠,可能会发生共振,通过调节钻机转盘和起升系统转速避免发生共振,振动时最大变形处变形量较小,说明桅杆结构设计合理,能够满足实际应用要求,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

京津冀“7·21”暴雨过程的中尺度分析

利用常规观测资料、地面加密自动站、卫星等多种观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料,以及雷达变分同化分析系统VDRAS的高分辨率分析场资料,对京津冀"7·21"暴雨过程的中尺度系统进行了分析。结果表明,在α中尺度雨带中镶嵌着β中尺度的雨团;α中尺度MCC后部不断有γ、β中尺度对流云团从西侧或西南侧合并补充;中尺度滤波后发现造成京津冀"7·21"暴雨的系统为低层的中尺度切变线,东移过程中加深为中尺度低涡扰动,中尺度切变或低涡位于对流层中低层(为近乎直立的正涡度柱),高层为辐散场(负涡度),但负涡度值与中低层正涡度值要小得多,说明主要是中低层的系统强;分析VDRAS资料同样发现对流层低层强辐合,存在中尺度涡度柱,其上方是中尺度反气旋,热力结构为上暖湿下冷湿。