地质灾害防治与岩土工程研究与实践

2000年以来,西部地区的交通、水利水电等基础设施建设取得了令世人瞩目的成就。依托大规模基础设施建设工程,作者及同事们经过十余年的努力,在大型复杂滑坡与高边坡病害防治方面,以及工程冻土、黄土和隧道地质问题等进行了系统的科学研究和工程实践,本文简要介绍近年来所取得的主要成果和新发展,以期今后在研究类似问题中借鉴。     

强震作用下层状岩质斜坡破坏的大型振动台试验研究

以“5.12”汶川地震背景为基础,对不同岩性组合水平层状岩质边坡进行了大型振动台模型试验研究.文中介绍了振动台试验过程,通过对试验现象的观察处理分析,考察了边坡的破坏现象特征、变形破坏模式.实验结果表明,地震力作用下边坡的变形破坏程度、特征以及稳定性不仅与地震波的类型、加载方向、频率、振幅有关,同时还受边坡的岩体性质、...     

三峡链子崖危岩体非线性动力响应分析

采用非线性有限元法研究岩质边坡的动力响应问题，模拟了软弱夹层的材料非线性及断层或裂缝的接触问题，假定岩块弹性体，推导了非线性动力响应迭代格式并编制了适于岩质边坡动力响应分析的三维非线性有限元程序，利用该程序对三峡链子崖危岩体进行了动力响应分析，得出了一些有价值的结论，计算结果与模型试验结果基本相符，证明本文数值计算的正确性。     

生态需水研究:以东辽河流域坡面系统为例

The ecological water demand (EWD) is the least water amount required to maintain the structure and the function of the special eco-system and the temporal scale of a study on the EWD must be a season‘s time. Based on GIS and RS with the source information of hydrological data of 46 hydrological gauges covering 52 years and the digital images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1996 and 2000, the landscape patterns, precipitation and runoff in the East Liaohe River Basin were analyzed. With the result of the above analysis, the spatial and temporal changes of the ecological water demand in the slope systems (EWDSS) of the East Liaohe River Basin (ELRB) were derived. Landscapes in the ELRB are dispersed and strongly disturbed by human actions. The hydrological regime in ELRB has distinct spatial variations. The average annual EWDSS in the ELRB is 504.72 mm (324.08-618.89 mm), and the average EWDSS in the growth season (from May to September) is 88.29% of the year‘s total EWDSS .The ultimate guaranteeing ratio of the EWDSS in ELRB is 90%. The scarce EWDSS area in the whole year and in the growth season are 60.47% and 74.01% of the entire basin respectively. The trend of scarce EWDSS area is most serious according to the quantity and area of scarce EWDSS regions.     

SURFACE EXPOSURE DATING: REVIEW AND CRITICAL EVALUATION

The past decade has seen the development and application of over a dozen new methods for quantitative age-determinations of geomorphic surfaces. Some surface exposure dating methods are numerical, including the accumulation of cosmogenic radionuclides ¹⁰Be, ¹⁴C, ²⁶Al, ³⁶Cl, and ⁴¹Ca, accumulation of cosmogenic stable nuclides ³He and ²¹Ne, ¹⁴C dating of organic matter encapsulated in rock coatings, and dendrogeomorphology. Calendar ages are obtained by dendrogeomorphological analysis. Calibrated ages can be obtained by analysis of rock-varnish chemistry, lichenometry, weathering, and soils. Various methods can be used in combination to overcome individual limitations. Whereas conventional methods provide age control on stratigraphic profiles, surface-exposure dating methods are especially suitable for geographic problems, such as analyzing not only temporal, but also spatial variations in the rates of geomorphic processes. [Key words: geomorphology, process, geochronology, cosmogenic nuclides, Quaternary, surface exposure dating, rock varnish, weathering, soils.]     

紫色土坡面降雨侵蚀试验研究

坡面水蚀的主要侵蚀动力来自降雨及其产生的地表径流,将坡面水蚀过程分为降雨侵蚀和径流侵蚀,可以从侵蚀动力、侵蚀特征差异与侵蚀规律等方面研究坡面水蚀过程与机理。应用人工模拟降雨及微小区测定技术,以大田紫色土为研究对象,模拟和测定不同雨强与不同坡度条件下降雨侵蚀过程和侵蚀量,揭示以降雨为主要动力的土壤降雨侵蚀特征和规律。研究结果表明：(1)小雨强(＜67．26 mm/h)下,紫色土坡面降雨侵蚀率具有稳定性,随着降雨历时的增加变化微小;大雨强(106．57 mm/h)下,降雨侵蚀率随降雨历时增加呈上下波动;(2)紫色土降雨侵蚀率与降雨强度呈线性相关,随降雨强度增加而直线增加;(3)降雨侵蚀率与坡度符合二次抛物线关系,随坡度的增加出现临界坡度,且临界坡度随雨强的变化而改变。在中小雨强(18．06～67．26 mm/h)条件下,临界坡度SK的变化范围在17°～19°。在大雨强条件下,临界坡度有逐渐增大的趋势;(4)当坡度与雨强共同影响产沙效应时,坡度对降雨侵蚀的影响较小,雨强能掩盖坡度对产沙的贡献。     

边坡治理中的植物固坡法

植物固坡法是近年来国际上越来越流行的一种边坡治理方法。本文阐述了植物固坡法的基本原理和作用机理，介绍了当前国内外植物固坡工程的一般施工流程，对镇江市的边坡治理提出了建议，最后对植物固坡法的应用前景作了分析。     

Three-dimensional stability analysis of the Kettleman Hills landfill slope failure based on observed sliding-block mechanism

Previous studies of the Kettleman landfill slope failure of 1988 had concluded that the failure, which slid along the underlying liner interfaces with low shearing resistance, occurred as a result of attaining the critical waste fill height. These studies showed, however, some discrepancies in regard to the adopted material strength data as well as the computed factors of safety. Based on the observed sliding-block mechanism, a 3D analysis model was established herein which allowed for variations in material strength mobilization within the sliding mass and at the slip surface. With a careful consideration on the interface strength data, results of forward analysis for the pre-slide slope generally showed better agreement with the field observations. Results of backward analysis for the post-slide slope indicated a consistency in the estimated material strength with the laboratory test data. The current study also showed slightly higher computed 3D factors of safety than the associated 2D values, in both pre-slide and post-slide cases.     

沙窝子高边坡工程地质问题分析及防治设计

沙窝子高边坡位于国道317、213都江堰至汶川公路新建路段，通过对其工程地质条件(地形地貌、岩性、构造及水文地质条件等)的研究，将其划分为滑坡变形区、不稳定区、飞石区、较稳定区、崩积堆积区及稳定区6个分区，着重分析了对公路危害影响较大的滑坡区与飞石区，并针对性地给出清除滑体物质、削坡、喷锚支护、设置SNS被动防护网及坡面保护等工程治理措施。对同类型高边坡的治理有一定的参考价值。     

秦岭─黄淮平原交界带气候边际效应初探*

本文基于地理学和生态学中边际效应的观点,论述山地与平原两大系统在一定条件下相互作用,形成一些既不同于山地又异于平原的特殊气候现象──气候边际效应。分析指出,气候边际效应在秦岭-黄淮平原交界带中主要表现为坡地暖带、强降水效应和干旱效应,并对这三种气候边际效应的特征及成因进行了探讨。