Flood simulation using the gauge‐adjusted radar rainfall and physics‐based distributed hydrologic model

This paper reports the results of an investigation into flood simulation by areal rainfall estimated from the combination of gauged and radar rainfalls and a rainfall–runoff model on the Anseong‐cheon basin in the southern part of Korea. The spatial and temporal characteristics and behaviour of rainfall are analysed using various approaches combining radar and rain gauges: (1) using kriging of the rain gauge alone; (2) using radar data alone; (3) using mean field bias (MFB) of both radar and rain gauges; and (4) using conditional merging technique (CM) of both radar and rain gauges. To evaluate these methods, statistics and hyetograph for rain gauges and radar rainfalls were compared using hourly radar rainfall data from the Imjin‐river, Gangwha, rainfall radar site, Korea. Then, in order to evaluate the performance of flood estimates using different rainfall estimation methods, rainfall–runoff simulation was conducted using the physics‐based distributed hydrologic model, Vflo^?. The flood runoff hydrograph was used to compare the calculated hydrographs with the observed one. Results show that the rainfall field estimated by CM methods improved flood estimates, because it optimally combines rainfall fields representing actual spatial and temporal characteristics of rainfall. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弯曲溢洪道挑流消能试验研究

为避免加剧弯曲溢洪道的不良振动,对弯道水流的挑流消能问题进行研究。通过试验研究的方法,提出了一种适用于弯曲溢洪道的新型挑流消能工,结合渠底超高法对弯道水流的干扰,使水流在质量力的作用下分流,有效降低和减小了回水的流量范围,增加了挑流水舌的纵向长度。通过对比两种不同凹岸边墙半径的弯曲束窄差动式斜切挑坎和弯曲连续斜切挑坎的回流、挑流和分流等特性,根据水流运动特性和流线的几何关系,提出了一种判断该新型挑坎发生回水的半理论半经验方法。研究发现高坎的收缩程度和凹岸边墙半径是影响分流和回水的主要因素,通过对高坎水流运动特性的分析,拟合流量、凹岸边墙半径与高坎折冲水流出流方向角γ的经验公式,推导了高坎分流临界角度γc的计算表达式,计算结果与试验测量结果吻合良好,可以为弯道水流挑流消能的工程应用和运行提供参考。     

Paleostress fields from calcite twins in the Pyeongan Supergroup, South Korea

Abstract   Paleostress fields of the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic Pyeongan Supergroup that is distributed along the northeastern part of the Ogcheon Belt in South Korea were investigated using the calcite strain gauge (CSG) technique. Combining the results of this study with those of other studies investigating the relationship between twin strain, twin density and width, which are used as indicators of deformation conditions in the natural low-temperature deformation of limestone, it was estimated that calcite twins in the study area were probably formed at temperatures lower than 170°C. From two samples, two different principal paleostress directions were inferred from calcite twins, while only one direction was inferred from two other samples. This result suggests that deformation occurred during two or more different tectonic events in the Pyeongan Supergroup during the Mesozoic era. The maximum shortening axis was oriented in two directions, northeast–southwest and northwest–southeast, respectively, which coincide well with the paleostress directions inferred from the stress inversion for many fault sets. Combining the results of the paleostress analysis from this and other studies, we hypothesize that the directions of the maximum shortening axis in the Pyeongan Supergroup changed from northeast–southwest during the pre-Daebo orogeny period (Late Triassic period) to northwest–southeast during the syn-Daebo orogeny period (Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous period) in the Mesozoic era.     

台湾地震的地震波衰减特征分析

在本文,我们精心挑选了M1为4.0~5.0发生在台湾地区的壳内地震215个,使用福建台网记录到的这些地震的最大地动位移资料,利用多元回归分析,拟合出最大地动位移的衰减特征为logA=2.07+231.11/Δ与之相应的量规函数的表达式为R(Δ)=3.45-231.1(1/Δ-1/100)利用上式,对上述的215个地震,分别求出福建台网的平均震级及均方差。平均的均方差为0.19,如果在测定震级时,考虑到台基修正值,则平均的均方差为0.13;把测定的结果与台湾相关部门的测定结果进行比较,高了0.12±0.22。又对138个M1大于5.0级的台湾壳内地震进行了相应的计算,我们测定的震级比台湾的结果平均高了0.20±0.22,其他结果与前者没大的差别。     

钻孔桩基础的一个失败实例

列举了一个显然是按照正常施工过程步骤成桩的败例。以对整个成桩过程全面调查和详细试桩结果为基础,对该桩质量所存在的问题作了深入细致分析。提出了改进挖斗体结构、改善无循环钻孔灌注桩成孔工艺,对混凝土各个环节质量控制手段也提出建议。     

软弱岩体钻孔变形测试研究

介绍了在软弱岩体中静荷载测试中钻孔弹模计法的原理和方法,并将该法运用到现场,得到了软弱岩体的压力变形的两种特殊形式。现场结果表明,该方法是对软弱岩体测试的一种比较好的方法。     

991型超低频测振仪

本文介绍了 991型超低频测振仪的原理和技术性能 ,它可用于大跨度桥梁和高层建筑的超低频(0 .0 5Hz)大位移 (± 4 0 0mm)的振动测量 ,亦可用于其它结构的低频振动测量     

从规则高程格网中提取等高线的优化算法研究

从规则高程格网中提取等高线的算法是机助制图和GIS中非常重要的组成部分。本文针对当前高程格网数据的海量性,以提高效率为目的,对该算法进行了优化。将等高线提取算法分为起点确定和内插穿行两个阶段,对于第一个阶段的处理,提出基于区间树和顺序索引查找等高线起始点的算法,较大地改善了整体效率;同时,在顾及数字环境下等高线表达特性的基础上,设计的相关策略能够保证提取的等高线具有一致的方向信息。     

双翻斗雨量传感器测量数据不确定度评定

根据自动气象站雨量传感器检定规程和测量不确定度评定的过程与方法,以实验室检定SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器为例,通过逐项分析误差来源及其引入的不确定度分量,针对各分量分别使用不同的评定方法和数学方法计算了各项标准不确定度,最终给出了实验室检定双翻斗雨量传感器的扩展不确定度:在大小两种雨强下,测量不确定度均为U95=0.14mm,包含因子k95=2.06。经传递比较法验证,评出的测量不确定度结果满足了计量标准考核规范和法定计量检定机构考核规范中的相关要求。该研究完善了雨量传感器的实验室检定工作流程,提高了工作质量。     

基于阈值方法原理的江淮地区降水特性研究

利用江淮地区20个代表站点雨量计连续30年(1980—2009年)的逐日降水资料,基于阈值方法原理对该地区降水特性进行了研究,主要讨论了月平均日降水量与阈值为0.1,1.0,5.0,10.0,24.0,48.0mm/d时降水日数占该月天数比例之间的关系。研究结果表明:各站点及江淮整体月平均日降水量与超过某一阈值降水日数占该月天数的比例之间存在着高度的线性相关关系,相关性随着阈值的不同而变化,在阈值为24.0mm/d时相关性最好,相关系数普遍超过0.97。低阈值时存在着非线性相关。阈值方法具有很多方面的应用,例如能更好地理解降水的形成机制;寻求更好的估测降水的算法;发展更优的数值预报模式的参数化方案;检验各种数值预报模式降水产品等。