钻机优化设计问题的研究

论述了钻机最优化设计研究中的某些问题，探讨了钻机优化设计中的目标函数，约束条件和求解方法，在实际的生产实践中具有一定的指导意义。     

The impact of taphonomic processes on interpreting paleoecologic changes in large lake ecosystems: ostracodes in Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi

Nonmarine ostracodes are often used as proxy indicators for the biotic response to climate as well as anthropogenic changes in large lakes. Their large numbers, small size and sensitivities to environmental conditions make them ideal for assessing how organisms respond to environmental perturbations. However, little is known about the various taphonomic processes related to preserving these organisms in the lacustrine fossil record. Without understanding the amount of time averaging associated with these assemblages, any interpretation of their biodiversity and paleoecology may be problematic.To address these issues, we conducted actualistic experiments to determine transport, time-averaging, and the amount of taphonomic bias in ostracode sub-fossil assemblages. Sand transport experiments revealed significant mixing at all sites at shallower depths and significant mixing on rocky substrates but not sandy ones. Comparisons with ostracode material collected along the experimental transects support this model and demonstrate time averaging in both the sandy and rocky substrates. Preservational models were derived from the experimental data and applied to interpreting the paleobiologic record of ostracodes from piston cores in both Lake Tanganyika and Malawi. The core record reveals assemblages that have undergone significant time-averaging, and in the case of Lake Malawi, preservational degradation. In the core examined from Tanganyika, most assemblages resemble the time-averaged experimental model with respect to species richness, percentage of articulated shells and heavy bias towards adult dead individuals. In the Malawi cores, most of the valves were preserved only as internal molds. The taphonomic signature of these samples resemble the time-averaged assemblages of Tanganyika cores, even though carapaces are not often present.Both the experimental and live/dead valve data suggest significant time-averaging and transport, smearing seasonal-yearly data in some environments involved in using ostracodes to assess biotic changes as a result of climate and or anthropogenically-induced environmental change. Ostracode species richness estimates were impacted by time averaging because transport of dead valve material occurs at high percentages in the shallow depths and on the rocky substrates, suggesting that the ostracode death assemblages in these areas will not reflect living populations. In addition, ecologic models based only upon death assemblages will be less resolved than those based upon live assemblages. A time averaging index was derived using the % dead juveniles ratio, as well as sedimentation rate and information on the population dynamics, if known.     

On‐line identification of non‐linear hysteretic structural systems using a variable trace approach

In this paper, an adaptive on‐line parametric identification algorithm based on the variable trace approach is presented for the identification of non‐linear hysteretic structures. At each time step, this recursive least‐square‐based algorithm upgrades the diagonal elements of the adaptation gain matrix by comparing the values of estimated parameters between two consecutive time steps. Such an approach will enforce a smooth convergence of the parameter values, a fast tracking of the parameter changes and will remain adaptive as time progresses. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm is shown by considering the effects of excitation amplitude, of the measurement units, of larger sampling time interval and of measurement noise. The cases of exact‐, under‐, over‐parameterization of the structural model have been analysed. The proposed algorithm is also quite effective in identifying time‐varying structural parameters to simulate cumulative damage in structural systems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小口径冲孔灌孔桩理论与实践初探

结合作者的工作实践介绍了小口径冲孔灌注桩的设备组成、施工工艺、桩身特征、以及设计与施工特点，同时，文中结合两个工程实例介绍了该桩型的优势与局限性。     

Theoretical and experimental study of time domain-induced polarization in water-saturated sands

A theoretical model of spectral-induced polarization (IP) of sand is presented. In the proposed model, contacts of sand grains and intergrain solution-filled space are considered as electrical current passages of varying thickness, which differ in values of ion transport number. Ion-selective narrow passages are considered as active zones, large passages as passive. The proposed model describes spectral IP characteristics for the medium where the length of passive zones is much greater than the length of active ones. The model is called short narrow pores (SNP) model. The SNP model predicts a growth of IP time constant with increase of length of ion-selective zone. Both the time domain and frequency domain parameters are described. The parameters of Cole–Cole model corresponding to the SNP model were also found.The behaviour of model parameters is compared with experimental data obtained on natural and sieved sands using time domain technique. The natural sand spectra correspond neither to the simple SNP model nor simple Cole–Cole model with single time constant because the lengths of ion-selective zones vary, reflecting the grain-size distribution.The spectra of sieved sand compared with the theoretical SNP spectra reveal close correspondence between experimental data and theoretical parameters. For four sieved sands, both the theoretical and experimental data show that the time constant of the IP is proportional to the square of the average grain size.     

用专家系统技术进行面状符号设计

本文以视觉变量理论为基本依据,总结了面状符号设计的知识和经验;分析了影响面状符号设计的因素;阐述了面状符号设计的过程;并介绍了系统的结构,知识的表示方法、系统的功能等。文章指出,面状符号设计专家系统模块作为专题地图设计专家系统的一部分,可以对任一幅专题地图上的各种面状符号进行设计并作各种修改;系统的自适应功能可以使系统在运行中不断修改和完善系统的知识库。     

参考波速线性变化时的声波方程逆散射反演

声波方程的逆散射反演乃是求解双曲型偏微分方程系数项反问题的一种解析方法,一般利用Born近似把这一非线性反问题线性化,并给出了恒参考波速介质中反问题解的解析表达式.由于Born近似假定波速扰动为一级无穷小,因此,在大多数情况下,恒参考波速介质模型的反问题的解无法得以应用.本文研究介质参考波速沿某个方向线性变化时的声散射理论,导出了声波方程逆散射问题解的解析表达式,从而既可使Born近似的假定在大多数情况下能得以满足,又可利用快速Fourier变换快速实现介质波速扰动的反演成象.     

Numerical simulation of gas venting for NAPL site remediation

A control volume, finite element method is used to discretize the three phase, three component equations for simulation of gas venting. The discrete equations are solved using full Newton iteration. Any combinations of phases can exist, and variable substitution is used to take into account phase appearance and disappearance. Some example computations are presented for two dimensional axisymmetric geometry. Several different scenarios for gas venting are examined. High rate air injection can be effective at removing NAPL both in the unsaturated and saturated zones. The numerical techniques can handle problems having node pore volume gas throughputs (in a timestep) of the order of 10⁶, which greatly exceeds the maximum stable explicit timestep size.     

一种以有序变量为因变量的四归分析方法及其地质应用

在这里所研究的回归分析中,因变量是n个样品的序号——有序变量。我们用迭代法求出m个自变量的线性组合,使其各分量的大小顺序与原给的样品序号尽可能一致,文中用具体实例说明了这种方法在矿床统计预测中的应用。     

大理岩的剪切波分裂对差应力变化响应的实验研究

利用ＤＺ９５型多通道瞬态波形记录仪和ＧＣ－１００型工程多波参数分析仪,对山东莱州大理岩进行了剪切波分裂观测研究．通过两组岩样的测量,在带有自然优势定向排列裂缝的岩样在无加载状态下发现剪切波的分裂现象,而带有优势层理走向的完整岩石则在加载到一定程度下才能观测到剪切波的分裂．随着载荷的增加,多数岩样在临近破坏时都记录到剪切波分裂的时间延迟有一个迅速的抬升,但抬升之前的变化过程不同,不同位置的观测结果也大不相同．实验还发现,在一定压力下,即使载荷保持不变或卸载一加载,岩石中剪切波分裂的时间延迟仍然增加,我们称之为“惯性生长”．在实验中,还少量地记录到一些声发射事件,和人工源的效果一样,也可在接收波形中清楚地分辨出剪切波的分裂．