Microwave Remote Sensing of Tropical Cyclones from Space

This article reviews several microwave instruments employed in research and analysis of tropical cyclones (TCs), typhoons, and hurricanes. The instruments discussed include scatterometers, microwave radiometers, synthetic aperture radars (SARs), and rain radar from space. Examples of the particular contribution by one or more of these instruments in analysis of several storms illustrate the comprehensive new views provided by the SeaWinds scatterometers, the detailed high-resolution wind field provided by RADARSAT-1 SAR, particularly inside and in the vicinity of hurricane “eyes,” and the presence of secondary flows in the region between rainbands in TCs. The high spatial resolution of precipitation data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission's rain radar, combined with scatterometer or SAR data, give a significant improvement in the details that can be seen from space, at the surface, and in the precipitating areas of TCs. The microwave instruments provide a penetrating view below the upper level cirrus clouds. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

台风Rananim登陆后引发强降水成因和暴雨分布的诊断分析

首先对2004年第14号台风Rananim登陆后造成的强降水过程按主要影响系统进行了划分,指出第一阶段的降水是由台风本身环流产生的,第二阶段的降水则是台风残留低压与中纬度西风带环流系统共同作用的结果。然后针对暴雨在台风登陆点南北两侧非对称分布的特点进行了重点分析,结果表明,台风暴雨的非对称分布与台风本身的非对称结构、南北两侧不同的水汽输送以及中尺度地形有密切关系。同时利用湿位涡分析方法诊断了台风暴雨时空分布特征,发现湿位涡负值中心与暴雨中心存在较好对应关系,而且其中心数值的绝对值大小与1 h降水强度存在正相关关系,从而说明湿位涡负值中心可以作为降水时空分布的重要指标,为台风暴雨预报提供一种思路。     

时滞广义时变系统的渐近稳定与镇定

研究了时滞广义时变系统的渐近稳定和镇定问题。首先利用相关不等式,通过建立Lyapunov方程,给出了1个时滞广义时变系统无脉冲、渐近稳定性的充分条件。然后,基于这一工作,利用Riccati方程,进一步研究了时滞广义时变系统的镇定问题。最后,举例说明该结论的可行性。     

从鳕鱼碎肉中提取水解蛋白

用蛋白酶水解法从鳕鱼加工废弃物－鳕鱼碎肉中提取水解蛋白。鳕鱼碎肉经枯草杆菌ＡＳ１．３９８中性蛋白酶２４０ＩＵ／ｍｌ，ｐＨ７．０，５０℃下水解２ｈ；再经黄曲霉ＩＦＦＩ２３４２（蛋白酶活力２０００ＩＵ／ｇ）１．５％（ｗ／ｖ），５０℃，ｐＨ６．０下水解６ｈ以脱苦味。水解液经真空浓缩后喷雾干燥得水解蛋白粉。该制品易溶于水，无苦味，有海鲜味。其氨基酸组成合理，是优良的蛋白质制品。     

0010号台风"碧利斯"导致莆田市持续性暴雨的成因分析

通过对2000年8月22－27日莆田市持续性暴雨的成因进行诊断分析发现，此次暴雨过程不仅与台风核心云团降水过程关系密切，而且与西南季风和越赤道气流引发的降水过程关系密切，从而为台风暴雨预报提供依据。     

Sea State and Rain: A Second Take on Dual-Frequency Altimetry

TOPEX and Jason were the first two dual-frequency altimeters in space, with both operating at K_u- and C-band. Thus, each gives two measurements of the normalized backscatter, σ⁰, (from which wind speed is calculated) and two estimates of wave height. Departures from a well-defined relationship between the K_u- and C-band σ⁰ values give an indication of rain. This study investigates differences between the two instruments using data from Jason's verification phase. Jason's K_u-band estimates of wave height are ∼1.8% less than TOPEX's, whereas its σ⁰ values are higher. When these effects have been removed the root mean square (rms) mismatch between TOPEX and Jason's K_u-band observations is close to that for TOPEX's observations at its two frequencies, and the changes in σ⁰ with varying wave height conditions are the same for the two altimeters. Rain flagging and quantitative estimates of rain rate are both based on the atmospheric attenuation derived from the σ⁰ measurements at the two frequencies. The attenuation estimates of TOPEX and Jason agree very well, and a threshold of-0.5 dB is effective at removing the majority of spurious data records from the Jason GDRs. In the high σ⁰ regime, anomalous data can be caused by processes other than rain. Consequently, for these low wind conditions, neither can reliable rain detection be based on altimetry alone, nor can a generic rain flag be expected to remove all suspect data.     

潮间带垒石蒙网养鲍技术研究

在潮间带进行垒石蒙网养鲍试验，４个岩礁区共设置１３６个石垛，放养壳长１．３￣３．０厘米的鲍５５．１万只，经１８个月养殖，共产商品鲍１９．２５４吨，平均亩产１３９７．８公斤，平均壳长６．８１厘米，成活率８９．６％，实现产值６９３．１４４万元，利润３５２．８１万元。该成果１９９６年被评为青岛市科技进步三等奖。     

近岸区直墙波浪力的模拟

在水槽中进行了几种不同坡度的斜坡平台上规则波作用下直墙波浪力试验，系统分析了直墙上相对最大压强和相对最大总力，给出了它们之间的比较关系。还进行了不同坡度的不规则波模型试验，并讨论了波浪力之间的特性。结果表明采用1：10、1：15的斜坡与平台相结合的试验室模拟，可得到与平底地形相近的直墙波浪力。     

长江口北支潮汐能源的综合利用

长江口北支有着丰富的潮汐能源及淡水，航运、水产等资源，因长期未加规划、治理，以致远未开发利用，反使河道淤浅，迳流减少，通航能力降低，且有大量泥沙，盐倒灌南支，恶化航道、水质，亟待整治、开发。研究提出，北支潮汐能可有效地用以发电和疏浚河道。可利用北支有利的河势，建造大、小双库开发方式的潮汐电站，并利用该河上、下游端间具有潮时差的有利因素，使电站可以连续不断发电、供电。同时可利用建造的上、中、下游三座水闸，逐级集水攻沙，冲刷航道淤沙，提高通航能力，实现江、海直接联运。另可兼收淡水供应，水产养殖、旅游，以及沟通崇明岛与苏北的陆上交通等效益，潮汐电站工程可采用现实可行的新技术、新材料、新的结构形式，以降低造价，使我国潮汐能得到充分开发利用。