恒定渗流作用下泥石流起动过程冲刷试验分析

渗流是泥石流水动力条件主要来源之一,不同渗流流量具有不同的渗流力和冲刷力,从而可引起不同规模泥石流。通过开展室内水槽试验,利用测压管量测渗流过程中的孔隙水压力,并结合高清摄像技术从微观角度记录堆积土体内部细颗粒的运移、骨架颗粒的坍塌现象,以此分析研究土体渗透破坏、起动形成泥石流过程中的渗流和冲刷作用。在此基础上设定水槽坡度为7°,调节恒定渗流流量分别为120、170、265、320 ml/s,分析不同恒定渗流流量对固体堆积物失稳、泥石流起动过程中流态变化的影响。分析结果表明,在恒定渗流流量作用下,堆积土体内部细颗粒迁移、骨架颗粒坍塌造成土体颗粒重排列、孔隙水压力上升进而导致土体抗力降低是泥石流土体颗粒失稳、起动、冲刷的重要原因;随着渗流流量增加,流速迅速上升,土体内孔隙水压力逐步增大,骨架颗粒的失稳、移动主要受渗流及水流冲刷两方面共同作用,堆积土体颗粒的移动分别表现出缓慢小幅滑动后稳定、过渡型滑动和快速流滑现象。     

含交叉裂隙节理岩体单轴压缩破坏机制研究

对含交叉裂隙相似材料试件进行单轴压缩试验,用Abaqus对含交叉裂隙节理岩体进行应力分析,研究了含交叉裂隙节理岩体单轴压缩下的破坏机制。结果表明：交叉裂隙的主裂隙与加载方向呈30°、45°时,主裂隙是裂隙扩展及破坏的控制裂隙,此时含交叉裂隙岩体强度高于含单向裂隙岩体,是由于主裂隙裂尖最大环向应力σθmax低于单向裂隙;主裂隙与加载方向呈0°或90°时,次裂隙是控制裂隙;主裂隙与加载方向呈0°时,大部分次裂隙裂尖σθmax及裂尖最大应力强度因子KⅡmax高于单向裂隙,因此,此时大部分含交叉裂隙岩体强度低于含单向裂隙岩体;在主裂隙与加载方向呈90°工况组中,主、次裂隙夹角为45°时,次裂隙裂尖KⅡmax最大,所以此工况组中此时强度最低。     

一次雷暴大风的物理环境场和多普勒雷达回波特征

2009年8月27日15-18时,石家庄地区出现雷暴大风等灾害性强对流天气过程,石家庄地区北部新乐县境内的多普勒雷达探测到了此次天气过程中完整的阵风锋、飑线、中气旋等中尺度天气系统,并对此次雷暴大风的环境场和多普勒雷达产品进行分析。结果表明：低层逆温、中低层垂直风切变较强的不稳定层结为强对流天气的发生发展提供了有利的环境条件。阵风锋对对流风暴发展强度具有反馈作用,当二者逐渐远离时,对流风暴强度减弱甚至消亡;当二者逐渐靠近时,对流风暴发展加强,甚至发展为超级单体对流风暴。多单体对流风暴带状排列构成飑线系统,所经测站出现风速突增、风向急转、气压涌升、气温下降,钩状回波、人字型回波、弓形回波和深厚持久发展的中气旋是本次天气过程中的超级单体对流风暴所具有的典型特征。地面破坏性大风主要由超级单体对流风暴所引发。     

中国中小尺度强对流天气气候学特征

中小尺度强对流天气具有极强的破坏力,了解其气候学特征对于预测、预报和影响评价都具有实际意义。利用1961~2015年的2332个高密度逐月国家级气象站观测资料,分析了中国大陆3种常见中小尺度强对流天气（雷暴、闪电、冰雹）在年、季、月尺度上发生日数的时间变化规律和空间分布特征。结果表明:全国年平均雷暴、闪电和冰雹发生频率分别为39.23 d/a、20.56 d/a和1.07 d/a;雷暴和闪电主要发生在夏季3个月,雷暴日数7月最多,闪电日数8月最多;冰雹主要发生每年5~9月,6月发生频率最高;雷暴和闪电的高发区分布基本一致,主要集中在华南和西南,青藏高原也是雷暴的高发区域之一;冰雹的高发区主要集中在青藏高原、内蒙古高原东部以及中西部山地,而东南沿海地区发生频率则较低。进一步分析发现,我国雷暴和冰雹出现频率随海拔高度增加而明显增加,冰雹和海拔高度有更好的对应关系,二者增加速率分别为2.87 d/500 m和1.80 d/500 m,表明地势高度对这两种强对流天气形成和发展具有重要影响。     

A Case Study of the Initiation of Parallel Convective Lines Back-Building from the South Side of a Mei-yu Front over Complex Terrain

Parallel back-building convective lines are often observed extending to the southwest of some mesoscale convective systems(MCSs)embedded in the mei-yu front in China.The convective lines with echo training behavior can quickly develop into a stronger convective group of echoes,resulting in locally heavy rainfall within the mei-yu front rainband.The initiation mechanism of the back-building convective lines is still unclear and is studied based on high-resolution numerical simulation of a case that occurred during 27?28 June 2013.In the present case,the new convection along the convective lines was found to be forced by nonuniform interaction between the cold outflow associated with the mei-yu front MCSs and the warm southerly airflow on the south side of the mei-yu front,which both are modified by local terrain.The mei-yu front MCSs evolved from the western to the eastern side of a basin surrounded by several mesoscale mountains and induced cold outflow centered over the eastern part of the basin.The strong southwest airflow ahead of the mei-yu front passed the Nanling Mountains and impacted the cold outflow within the basin.The nonuniform interaction led to the first stage of parallel convective line formation,in which the low mountains along the boundary of the two airflows enhanced the heterogeneity of their interaction.Subsequently,the convective group quickly developed from the first stage convective lines resulted in apparent precipitation cooling that enhanced the cold outflow and made the cold outflow a sharp southward windshift.The enhanced cold outflow pushed the warm southerly airflow southward and impacted the mountains on the southeast side of the basin,where the roughly parallel mountain valleys or gaps play a controlling role in a second stage formation of parallel convective lines.     

汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨量特征

利用搜集的汶川震区典型泥石流暴发前后的降雨过程资料,分析了泥石流的激发雨量过程,获得了汶川震区的泥石流激发雨量特征,以期为泥石流的预测预报提供依据。结果表明,汶川地震区的泥石流激发雨型可分为快速激发型、中速激发型和慢速激发型3类,其差异主要体现在降雨的持续时间和强度方面。不同激发雨型下的泥石流形成过程的差别主要体现在松散土体饱和过程。雨型的差异(降雨的持续时间和强度)使得土体饱和产生超渗产流的时间出现差异,进而使得泥石流暴发的时间存在差异。激发雨强跟激发雨型存在一定的关系,激发雨强最大者为中速激发雨型,其次是慢速激发雨型,最小者为快速激发雨型。与地震之前相比,地震后的泥石流暴发时的累积雨量和临界雨量都有所降低。     

The Eastern Makran Ophiolite (SE Iran): evidence for a Late Cretaceous fore-arc oceanic crust

ABSTRACT

The nature, magmatic evolution, and geodynamic setting of both inner and outer Makran ophiolites, in SE Iran, are enigmatic. Here, we report mineral chemistry, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope composition of mantle peridotites and igneous rocks from the Eastern Makran Ophiolite (EMO) to assess the origin and tectono-magmatic evolution of the Makran oceanic realm. The EMO includes mantle peridotites (both harzburgites and impregnated lherzolites), isotropic gabbros, diabase dikes, and basaltic to andesitic pillow and massive lava flows. The Late Cretaceous pelagic limestones are found as covers of lava flows and/or interlayers between them. All ophiolite components are somehow sheared and fragmented, probably in Cenozoic time, during the emplacement of ophiolite. This event has produced a considerable extent of tectonic melange. Tectonic slices of trachy-basaltic lavas with oceanic island basalt (OIB)-like signature seal the tectonic melange. Our new geochemical data indicate a magmatic evolution from fore-arc basalt (FAB) to island-arc tholeiite (IAT)-like signatures for the Late Cretaceous EMO lavas. EMO extrusive rocks have high εNd(t) (+8 to +8.9) and isotopically are similar to the Oman lavas. This isotopic signature indicates a depleted mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) mantle source for the genesis of these rocks, except isotopic gabbros containing lower εNd(t) (+5.1 to +5.7) and thus show higher contribution of subducted slab components in their mantle source. High ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb isotopic ratios for the EMO igneous rocks also suggest considerable involvement of slab-derived components into the mantle source of these rocks. The variable geochemical signatures of the EMO lavas are mostly similar to Zagros and Oman ophiolite magmatic rocks, although the Pb isotopic composition shows similarity to the isotopic characteristic of inner Zagros ophiolite belt. This study postulates that the EMO formed during the early stages of Neo-Tethyan subduction initiation beneath the Lut block in a proto-forearc basin. We suggest subduction initiation caused asthenospheric upwelling and thereafter melting to generate the MORB-like melts. This event left the harzburgitic residues and the MORB-like melts interacted with the surrounding peridotites to generate the impregnated lherzolites, which are quite abundant in the EMO. Therefore, these lherzolites formed due to the refertilization of mantle rocks through porous flows of MORB-like melts. The inception of subduction caused mantle wedge to be enriched slightly by the slab components. Melting of these metasomatized mantle generated isotropic gabbros and basaltic to andesitic lavas with FAB-like signature. At the later stage, higher contribution of the slab-derived components into the overlying mantle wedge causes formation of diabase dikes with supra-subduction zone – or IAT-like signatures. Trachy-basalts were probably the result of late-stage magmatism fed by the melts originated from an OIB source asthenospheric mantle due to slab break-off. This occurred after emplacement of EMO and the formation of tectonic melange.     

２００２年海南一次非热带气旋暴雨成因分析

本文对2008年8月10日出现在北京首都机场的一次暴雨天气过程,从天气形势、物理量场、卫星产品、雷达资料等多方面进行了分析,结果表明,此次强降水发生在高空有利的环流背景下,锋面抬升、高低层温度差动平流、中层辐合、中低层风切变、中层暖干盖的存在以及副高的维持均为强降水的产生提供了有利条件。     

近55年来宾市雷暴日数特征分析

采用1956～2010年广西来宾市国家基本气象站常规地面气象观测资料,对雷暴日数特征进行了统计分析。结果表明,来宾市年雷暴日数在46～106d,年平均雷暴日数为72．4d;来宾市一年中任何一天都有可能出现雷暴天气,其中6、7、8月雷暴日数最多,约占全年雷暴日数的57．4％。小波分析显示,来宾年雷暴活动具有较强的9年周期...     

山西省雷暴日时空分布特征分析

利用山西省108个气象站1971年～2000年30a地面气候资料,对山西省平均雷暴日的时空特征进行了统计分析,结果表明:山西省平均雷暴日数总体上为北部多,南部少,东部山区多,中西部盆地和山区少。大同北部,朔州、忻州西部,五台山,晋中的榆社,阳泉的盂县为雷暴多发区,而运城为雷暴发生最少的区域;但各月分布存在明显的差异。夏季为雷暴高发季节,7月最易发生雷暴。