Errors and correction of precipitation measurements in China

In order to discover the range of various errors in Chinese precipitation measurements and seek a correction method, 30 precipitation evaluation stations were set up countrywide before 1993. All the stations are reference stations in China. To seek a correction method for wind-induced error, a precipitation correction instrument called the ＂horizontal precipitation gauge＂ was devised beforehand. Field intercomparison observations regarding 29,000 precipitation events have been conducted using one pit gauge, two elevated operational gauges and one horizontal gauge at the above 30 stations. The range of precipitation measurement errors in China is obtained by analysis of intercomparison measurement results. The distribution of random errors and systematic errors in precipitation measurements are studied in this paper. A correction method, especially for wind-induced errors, is developed. The results prove that a correlation of power function exists between the precipitation amount caught by the horizontal gauge and the absolute difference of observations implemented by the operational gauge and pit gauge. The correlation coefficient is 0.99. For operational observations, precipitation correction can be carried out only by parallel observation with a horizontal precipitation gauge. The precipitation accuracy after correction approaches that of the pit gauge. The correction method developed is simple and feasible.     

3维可视化校园信息系统的空间分析研究

数字校园是以网络为基础的系统,它利用先进的信息化手段和工具,实现从环境、资源到活动的全部数字化,拓展现实校园的时间和空间维度,提升传统校园的效率,拓展传统校园的功能,最终实现教育过程的全面信息化,从而达到提高教育管理水平和效率的目的。     

大比例尺全野外数字化测图

全野外数字化测图的基本思想是将野外采集的各种有关地物和地貌信息转化为数字形式,通过数据接口传输给计算机进行处理,得到内容丰富的电子地图,需要时由电子计算机的图形输出设备(如显示器、绘图仪)绘出地形图或各种专题地图。     

鄂温克旗干旱、洪涝灾害期评定及预测方法

根据鄂温克旗1959—2008年气象历史资料,统一归类,并采用统计预报方法,简要评定预测出鄂温克旗50年来主要气象灾害之一的干旱、洪涝灾害期,为鄂温克旗防范旱涝灾害做参考。     

流动VLBI天线系统噪声温度及天线效率测量

我国自行研制的第一套流动VLBI系统——DCW—01型流动VLBI测量仪，目前已在国家重大科学工程“中国地壳运动观测网络”中投入使用。在流动VLBI的观测试验中，天线系统噪声温度和天线效率是观测前系统调试和检测的两项重要内容。天线系统噪声温度是衡量流动VLBI观测系统内部噪声程度的特性指标；天线效率反映了天线系统对到达天线能量的刊用率，在很多计算公式中是一个很重要的参数。因此，精确地测量它们的值是进行相关处理和计算的前提。文中结合我国流动VLBI观测站的研制与建设，介绍了流动VLBI测量仪的天线及接收机系统，并详细阐述了其天线系统噪声温度和天线效率的测量。     

新型矿井多波多分量地震反射波观测系统的设计

针对DTC-150防爆地质超前探测仪在工程应用中存在的几个问题,提出了研制新型矿井多波多分量地震反射波观测系统的必要性.通过对大量工程预测预报资料的分析,结合煤岩有效地震波频率特性等4个关键技术的研究,得出了煤岩有效地震波频率范围和观测系统的有效布设方式,研制了高速、高精度、多通道数据采集及处理系统,给出了掌子面绕射回波形成的探测盲区和巷道声波的处理方法,提出了掌子面绕射回波与直达波不重叠的条件.新型矿井多波多分量地震反射波观测系统的研制成功为矿井提供了更为准确、更长距离的超前预测预报手段,同时也为煤矿安全生产提供了有力的保证.     

The impact of freshwater discharges on the ocean circulation in the Skagerrak/northern North Sea area. Part II: energy analysis

We perform eddy-permitting to eddy-resolving simulations of the Skagerrak/northern North Sea with a terrain-following numerical ocean model. We demonstrate that realistic representations of freshwater input are not required when the focus is on modelling mesoscale structures such as meanders and eddies. To arrive at this conclusion, we analyze the results using a recently developed energy diagnostic scheme to study the sensitivity to realistic representations of the lateral freshwater flux provided to the area from the Baltic Sea and by the major rivers. The scheme is suitable for analysis of growth of instabilities, and it has four basic instability processes prominent. We recognize both horizontal and vertical shear instabilities. There are two processes where average potential energy is converted to eddy kinetic energy, and they are related to the mean gradient in surface elevation and the mean lateral density gradient, respectively. The latter process is known as frontal instability. We demonstrate that the change in the eddy kinetic energy field is small, despite the large variations in the hydrographic properties from experiment to experiment. Moreover, generation of eddy activity appears at the same locations and with approximately the same strength regardless of actual representations of freshwater input. Furthermore, we find that vertical shear instability dominates the energy conversion processes in the Norwegian Coastal Current. Finally, we find that the areas off the northwest coast of Denmark recognized with enhanced eddy kinetic energy level is not caused by instability processes but eddy–eddy interaction rooted in variations in the sea level.     

威海市杨家滩水源地地下水资源评价

本文分析了威海市杨家滩不源地第四系冲洪积－海相沉积物分规律和水文地质特征；在此基础上，应用有限单元方法进行了地下水量评价和预测水源地地下水位的变化趋势；提出了最优开采方案。     

青海互助一次局地强降水天气多普勒雷达回波分析

利用西宁CINRAD/CD多普勒天气雷达资料及自动站观测数据等从影响降水的主要因子方面探讨了2011年7月2日晚青海互助县一次局地强降水的成因,结果表明:多单体强回波带的活动是造成互助短时强降水的主要原因;速度图上强的辐合和逆风区是预报强降水的关键因子;垂直风廓线图上强烈的垂直风切变是不稳定能量积聚的表现,与强降水联系紧密;垂直累计液态含水量(VIL)和回波顶高也能为强降水预报提供有效信息。     

Confidence Evaluation of Medium-and Long-Term Earthquake Prediction by Use of the Analytical Hierarchy Process

This paper offers an approach to the relative confidence level of medium- and long-term earthquake prediction methods by use of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). We construct the criterion judgment matrices according to the results of an expert questionnaire known as the Delphi scheme. From the matrices we can obtain a scale for the relative preference or priority weight of each factor. The quantitative weights might be applied to make synthetic prediction of earthquake risk areas in the northern part of the North China seismic region.