To Move or not to Move: Community Members’ Reaction to Surface Mining Activities in the Upper West Region of Ghana

Abstract

Despite the impact of mining-induced environmental change on community livability, we know little about how disparities in knowledge of health risks associated with mining influence residents’ response, especially in an already environmentally stressed context. Guided by theoretical insights from solastalgia, we examined residents’ decision to relocate due to increasing gold mining activities in the fragile Northern Savannah Ecological Zone of Ghana. Fitting complementary log-log regression models to cross-sectional data from the Upper West Region (UWR) of Ghana, we found that residents with limited knowledge of potential health impacts of mining and those who believe mining activities were not meeting environmental standards were more likely to consider relocating. Given the centrality of land in community health and wellbeing in the UWR, Ghana’s mining guidelines should promote local participation in the regulation of mining activities and guarantee the rights of indigenes to livable native lands.     

可控震源在新疆准东煤田地震勘探中的应用

以新疆准东煤田库兰喀孜干地区煤炭资源地震勘探为例,介绍了2年来通过可控震源进行煤炭资源勘探的实践,认为利用可控震源在沙漠地区进行煤炭资源地震勘探,可解决沙漠成孔难,找不到理想的放炮激发层位问题,取得更为满意的勘探效果。     

The hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake during the initial period of Three Gorges Project operation

Based on the measured hydrological data from 1951 to 2008, the chain hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake is analyzed by comparative method after the Three Gorges Project operation. The result indicates that 1) the scouring amount in Jingjiang River made up 78.9% of the total from Yichang to Chenglingji, and its average scouring intensity was higher than the latter; 2) the water and sand diversion rates at the three outlets of the Jingjiang River were reduced by 2.33% and 2.78% separately; 3) the proportion of multi-year average runoff and sediment through the three outlets in the total into the Dongting Lake decreased by 7.7% and 24.4% respectively; 4) in Dongting Lake, the speed of sediment accumulation was lowered by 26.7%, in flood season, the runoff amount was 20.2% less than the multi-year average value, leading to seasonal scarcity of water year by year. The former prolonged the lake life, while the latter induced droughts in summer and fall in successive years, shortage of drinking and industrial water, shipping insecurity, as well as ecological problems such as decrease of birds and quick increase of Microtus fortis; 5) The multi-year average values of sediment and flood transporting capacity at the lake outlet were respectively increased by 26.6% and 3.7%, the embankments were protected effectively. Then, to adapt to the new change of the river-lake relation, some suggestions were put forward, such as optimizing further operation program of the Three Gorges Reservoir, reexamining the idea of river and lake regulation, and maintaining connection of the river and the lake.     

华北地区现今地壳运动动力学初步研究

本文基于GPS、断层形变等观测资料,实现华北地区构造运动有限元数值模拟,研究其现今地壳运动及形变动力学机理.结果表明,鄂尔多斯地块、华南地块、东北亚地块等周边构造块体的相对运动基本决定了华北地区现今表面运动及应力场格局.而另一方面,当考虑区域下部岩石层较快速的“拖动”作用时,表面速度场可以得到更好模拟,并同时形成共轭分布的剪应力梯度带.可见太平洋板块的俯冲作用、印-欧板块的碰撞挤压作用等可能造成岩石层深部、浅部运动差异,从而对研究区现今地壳运动产生深刻影响.此外,地形重力作用、断层分布及区域流变结构非均匀性也对现今地壳运动具有一定影响作用,但处于次要地位.     

The M_S 4.1 Reservoir-induced Hujiaping Earthquake in the Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir Region

In this paper,based on the collected data and earthquake field investigation,characteristics of the MS4.1 Hujiaping earthquake of November 22,2008 at Guizhou town in Zigui county,Hubei Province and the geological and hydrogeological conditions and seismicity background of the area are analyzed,and the earthquake disaster is presented. Some scientific issues relating to earthquake precursors and the cause of the earthquake is discussed. The authors consider that the earthquake is a tectonic type reservoir-induced earthquake,occurring along the Xiannvshan fault under the joint action of reservoir water loading and water infiltration,and that there were certain suspected anomalies appearing in the gravity field before the earthquake. The cause of the earthquake may also be related to the effect of the Wenchuan earthquake on the local stress field.     

南黄海粘土矿物的分布特征

南黄海表层粘土组分中,按其主要粘土矿物的含量分布特征,可分为五个组合区: Ⅰ区为伊利石—绿泥石—蒙脱石—高岭石;Ⅱ区为伊利石—绿泥石—高岭石—蒙脱石;Ⅲ区为伊利石—蒙脱石—绿泥石—高岭石;Ⅳ区为伊利石—高岭石—绿泥石—蒙脱石;V区为伊利石—绿泥石—高岭石—蒙脱石。 其分布范围与沉积环境大体一致。     

汛期洪水资源化利用对三峡水库淤积影响研究

作为三峡水库诸多优化调度方式中的一种,洪水资源化利用对水库淤积的影响受到持续关注,开展针对场次洪水的相关研究有助于进一步深化对水库淤积科学问题的认识,有望为调度工作提供一定的技术支撑。通过2013年以来的历史水文资料分析与水沙运动数值模拟,探究了入库洪水的输沙过程以及洪水资源化利用对库区淤积与水库排沙的影响。结果表明:洪峰流量介于30000～55000 m3/s的中小洪水是近年三峡入库洪水的主要形式,随着入库洪峰流量的增加,洪水的地区组成逐渐趋向于金沙江下游、嘉陵江共同主导;常年回水区淤积、水库排沙是“消化”入库泥沙的两种主要途径,且以前者的作用为主;针对Ⅰ-3类入库洪水,坝前起调水位Z₀的抬升或洪水资源化利用对水库淤积的影响主要在于造成了库区淤积的重分布,次要在于改变了水库的排沙作用,在Z₀≤150 m条件下,洪水资源化利用对水库淤积的影响相对较小;针对典型洪水,当武隆洪峰流量Q’_WL与入库洪峰流量Q’_RK的比值小于1/5(即Q’_WL/Q’_RK<1...     

关中盆地浅层地下水氮污染的健康风险评价

为了研究关中盆地浅层地下水氮污染对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,在研究区采集和测试了232个水样,采用单因子污染指数法和健康风险评价模型对浅层地下水氮污染进行了评价。结果表明,在浅层地下水中硝态氮污染程度相对较重,呈面状分布;而铵态氮和亚硝态氮污染程度较轻,以点状存在。浅层地下水中硝态氮对人体健康的慢性毒害指数较高,高风险区占研究区面积的78.2%,主要分布在农业活动强烈的灌区和人口居住密集、工业相对发达的城镇区;硝态氮含量大于12.6mg/L的三类地下水对人体健康也是高风险的,即传统意义上可以饮用的三类水对人体健康并不都是安全的。上述成果对地下水资源管理和保护具有重要的参考价值。     

库水压力作用下砂岩破坏形式的探究

为了解砂岩在库水压力作用下的破坏形态特征,选取三峡库区秭归某滑坡区域砂岩为研究对象进行浸泡试验。试验采用自主设计的YRK-1型岩石溶解试验仪,设定0、0.4、0.8 MPa三种不同浸泡水压,并进行对比。对不同水压力下浸泡的砂岩在不同浸泡周期进行单轴和三轴压缩试验,得出了砂岩试样在不同情况下的宏观破坏形态特征。研究表明,随着浸泡时间增长,砂岩试样试验破坏时呈现如下规律：（1）砂岩试样在不同围压时都表现出破坏角逐渐减小并趋近于某一稳定值的规律,而且浸泡压力越大,减小的趋势越明显;（2）单轴压缩破坏时砂岩试样表面剪切裂纹逐渐变短,张拉裂纹逐渐变长,而且浸泡压力越大,变化趋势越明显