浅钻技术在宁夏青铜峡地区地质填图中的应用研究

通过在宁夏青铜峡地区的浅层取样钻探填图示范,介绍了浅层取样钻探设备和多种工艺方法在该地区的应用情况,总结了钻探填图遇到的问题并提出了解决方案。结合三维地质调查对钻探技术的具体要求,通过示范推广轻便浅层取样钻机具与工艺方法,使浅钻技术在浅覆盖区地质填图领域中得到应用。本文研究了适合该地区地质填图的钻探技术方法组合及钻探设备和取样器具。浅钻作为地质填图的一种技术方法可以有效地揭露覆盖层,获取基岩,提高了地质填图效率和精度,解决了制约覆盖区地质填图的技术难点,为浅覆盖区的地质填图工作提供可靠的钻探技术服务支撑。     

贺兰山构造带及邻区中-新生代构造事件:来自不整合面和裂变径迹的约束

贺兰山构造带及邻区的构造属性长期以来存在争议,确定该地区中新生代的构造事件及隆升过程是了解这一重要陆内变形带动力学机制的关键所在。本文采用不整合面分析法和低温热年代学方法,综合分析探讨了贺兰山构造带及邻区中新生代的构造事件及其构造演化过程。通过对该地区的野外地质调查,本次在中-新生代地层中由底到顶识别出6个不同类型的不整合面,它们分别是:(1) T_(2-3)/P平行不整合面;(2) J/AnJ角度不整合面-微角度不整合面;(3) K_1/AnK_1高角度不整合面;(4) E_3q/AnE_3;(5) N_1/AnN_1;(6) Q/An Q。在T_3d~3、J_2y和K_1变形前锋,可见与逆冲-褶皱造山带相关的同构造沉积生长地层,其在形态上表现为超覆、削截,在黄草滩等地局部与倒转背斜相伴生。这些不整合和生长地层是构造活动的直接证据。本次研究对采自该地区的12件样品分别进行了磷灰石、锆石裂变径迹测年及热史模拟分析。结果表明,裂变径迹年龄主要分布在4个区间,对应地质时代分别为中侏罗世-晚侏罗世(168～159Ma)、早白垩世末(139～91Ma)、晚白垩世末(79～66Ma)、始新世(59～50Ma),反映出该地区在这4个时期发生了明显的冷却抬升事件,且这4期构造事件与野外观察到的地质特征有很好的地质响应。同时,热史模拟表明该地区整体上经历了晚侏罗世、早白垩世、晚白垩世末-始新世3期快速隆升事件。综合研究表明,该地区主体逆冲褶皱的时间是从中侏罗世开始,早白垩世末构造运动最强烈,新生代又有所活动。     

滇东北富乐铅锌矿床微量元素和S-Pb同位素地球化学研究

富乐铅锌矿床位于我国西南川滇黔铅锌多金属矿集区的东南部,矿体呈层状、透镜状赋存于中二叠统阳新组白云岩中,受层间破碎带控制。该矿床铅锌金属资源量超过50万吨,铅锌平均品位大于15. 6%。碳酸盐岩围岩溶蚀、重结晶和热液角砾岩化是该矿床普遍发育的热液蚀变类型,是酸性热液流体与碳酸盐岩围岩化学反应的结果。热液白云岩在成矿期前、成矿期和成矿期后都可形成,晚期形成的热液白云岩往往会部分替换早期形成的白云石,热液沿裂隙充填过程中,会引起围岩重结晶作用,形成明显的蚀变晕。矿石中主要硫化物包括闪锌矿、方铅矿和黄铁矿,伴有少量的黄铜矿和黝铜矿,白云石和方解石是主要脉石矿物。矿石的主要构造有致密块状、浸染状、脉状和角砾状。本次工作在富乐矿床厘定出三种颜色闪锌矿,即黑色、红色和棕色。LA-ICPMS研究表明,三种颜色闪锌矿中Cd、Cu、Ga和Ge等元素不同程度富集,而Fe、Mn和In等元素有不同程度亏损。在LA-ICPMS时间分辨率剖面图中,上述元素均呈水平直线出现,与Zn和S等主要元素的含量曲线平行,表明它们可能以类质同象形式赋存于闪锌矿中。而Sb、Pb和Ag等元素在LA-ICPMS时间分辨率剖面图中,呈较大波动趋势,暗示这些元素可能以微细粒包体存在,这与显微观测发现闪锌矿中有方铅矿微小矿物颗粒相吻合。本研究初步认为富乐闪锌矿颜色可能是Ni、Cu、Tl、Ga、Hg、Fe和Cr等多种元素共同引起的,其中Ni、Cu和Ga使闪锌矿呈紫色,Cu使闪锌矿呈红色,Ga使闪锌矿呈黄色。三种颜色闪锌矿样品的硫同位素组成变化较小,其δ~(34)S值变化范围为12. 2‰～14. 6‰,具有富集34S特征,与二叠系海相硫酸盐的δ~(34)S值相似,暗示热化学硫酸盐还原作用(TSR)可能是该矿床HS~-或S~(2-)离子形成的主要机制。不同颜色闪锌矿的~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb值分别为15. 604～15. 737、18. 570～18. 732和38. 532～38. 667。大部分闪锌矿的Pb同位素组成与基底昆阳群浅变质岩石的Pb同位素组成相似,少量闪锌矿具有与峨眉山玄武岩和赋矿沉积岩相似的Pb同位素组成,表明富乐铅锌矿床的成矿金属主要来源于基底岩石,并可能受到沉积岩和玄武岩的影响。综上所述,本文认为富乐铅锌矿床是一个形成于挤压背景下、受层间构造控制的高品位、富分散元素后生碳酸盐岩容矿型铅锌矿床。     

ICP-AES双向测定土壤中铜、锰、钒、锌金属元素的对比研究

本文采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)轴向和径向测定土壤中铜、锰、钒、锌四种金属元素的含量,比较分析了在不同三酸[硝酸(HNO3)、氢氟酸(HF)、高氯酸(HCLO4)]用量(配比)下对5种国家标准物质的消解性差异和对四种元素轴向和径向测定结果的影响。结果表明:(1)消解过程中f、g、h配比的三酸消解速度较快,d、e次之,a、b、c相对较慢。(2)对于低含量试样径向观测对轴向观测灵敏度较高;同时三酸消解用量不同,其结果差异性不明显,而发现中高含量范围内横向观测比径向观测相对偏差较小,说明了轴向观测效果较好。(3)通过采用f配比的三酸经过前处理进行稳定性分析,结果可知标准偏差(SD)均小于10,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,对于高含量锰元素横向观测较径向观测稳定性高,其余元素差异性不明显。     

Characteristics,differences and main controlling factors of source rocks in the central‐southern South China Sea Basins

The South China Sea is rich in oil and gas resources. With the increasing exploration of oil and gas resources in the northern South China Sea and the increasing demand for energy in the world, The central‐southern South China Sea have become important constituencies for oil and gas resources. The central‐southern basins of South China Sea can be divided into three types of basin groups, namely, the southern basin group (Zengmu Basin, Brunei‐Sabah Basin), the western basin group (Wan'an Basin, Zhong jiannan Basin) and the Central Basin Group (Liyue Basin, Beikang Basin, Nanweixi Basin and Palawan Basin). At present, the degree of exploration is relatively low, and the source rock has not yet formed a understanding of the system. The main source rock development time, source rock characteristics, hydrocarbon generation potential and control factors of each basin group are still unclear, which seriously restricts the exploration of oil and gas. Based on the sedimentary facies distribution and sedimentary filling evolution, combined with the geoche mical characteristics of the source rocks, the source age, organic matter type, hydrocarbon generation potential and main controlling factors of the basins in the central‐southern basins are discussed. By the detailed research on delta scale, provenance system, paleoclimate conditions, ancient vegetation development and hydroca rbon generation parent material, the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks in each basin group are revealed.     

逆冲断层位移—长度关系解析 ——以杭锦旗断裂带为例

为了揭示鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗断裂带在晚石炭世—中三叠世逆冲断层生长的位移模式和位移—长度关系,本文通过地震剖面解释、地层回剥分析和断层古位移测算来厘定古断层的末端位置,明确断裂生长连接历史,并结合幂律关系,探究了断层生长模式以及断裂带岩性组合、运动学、反转和断层系统内在特征等方面的影响。研究表明,杭锦旗断裂带的构造演化受基底断裂的分段性制约。其北东走向的分段(泊尔江海子断裂东段)形成较早;在垂向上,断裂中部的位移大,向两端递减;在平面上,断裂末端与东西走向的分段(泊尔江海子断裂西段)叠覆,导致局部位移增大,最终发生硬连接。东西走向的三眼井断裂形成于晚石炭世,先后经历了断层分段、横向扩展和连接的演化阶段。乌兰吉林庙断裂作为调节带断裂,其活动相对较弱且局部发生反转。根据断层位移—长度剖面的几何形态和断层演化阶段分析,可将杭锦旗断裂带的逆冲阶段的位移模式分为4种类型:①近对称的三角状或椭圆状,代表独立断层;②左右极不对称的锯齿状或双峰状,代表断层之间发生软连接作用;③不规则波状,反映多条小型断层的连接作用;④异常尖峰状,代表大型断裂后期位移的调整。杭锦旗断裂带的D_(max)/L数据集与全球其他地区比较,要低一个数量级,可能与断裂带的后期反转有关。最后,针对杭锦旗断裂带在不同时期的构造演化和D_(max)/L变化特征,提出了断裂带逆冲阶段演化的路径模式。     

Application of PSO-LIBSVM in Recognition of Potassium Salt Deposits

The shortage of potassium salt seriously restricts the development of China's agriculture. Increasing the exploration and development of potash will help improve the self-sufficiency of potassium in China. With rich potassium salt resources, Sichuan basin is one of the most important research areas for potash exploration and development in China. Polyhalite is an important solid potassium salt mineral in Sichuan basin, often intercalated in rock minerals such as anhydrite, rock salt and dolomite. Aiming at the problem that conventional log interpretation methods are difficult to accurately identify polyhalites, this paper proposed a new Support Vector Machine (SVM) recognition method based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to classify polyhalites in Sichuan basin. Based on particle swarm optimization and support vector machine theory, combined with logging interpretation theory, the effective data sensitive to polyhalite logging response were selected as input samples to generate training sets and test sets randomly. The Radial Basis Function (RBF) parameters were optimized by particle swarm optimization, and the classification and prediction model of polyhalite was established. Compared with mud logging results, the recognition accuracy of SVM model based on particle swarm optimization reached 97.5758%, which is obviously better than that of SVM model optimized by cross validation method in recognition accuracy and speed. The results show that the model has broad application prospects in potash exploration in Sichuan basin.     

易发程度指数法在宣州区地质灾害易发区划分中的应用研究

在分析地质灾害成因的基础上,选取了地形地貌、地质背景、气候、地质灾害点密度、人类工程活动等5个主要影响因素对宣州区地质灾害的易发性进行分区评价,并对区内的地质灾害易发区进行划分。根据分析评价结果,将宣州区划分为4个地质灾害易发区。分区结果较符合宣州区地质灾害发育实际情况,为宣州区的防灾减灾工作提供科学依据。     

Effects of intensive aquifers exploitation on groundwater salinity in coastal wetlands

The coastal plain of the Río de la Plata constitutes a large wetland which develops on the right margin of the river estuary. Anthropic activities such as intensive exploitation of groundwater carried out in the vicinity of the wetland can modify the natural hydrological regime. The aim of this work is to asses the effects of intensive aquifer exploitation in coastal wetlands using hydrogeological models. Such models allow to evaluate changes in the environmental conditions of wetland at regional level. The hydrogeological model exposed in this work shows how the intensive groundwater exploitation affects the wetland area, generating important variations both in the groundwater flows and in the salinity of the groundwater. Identification of these modifications to the environment is important to generate guidelines leading to minimize these affectations.     

The cumulative characteristics of PAEs in PM2.5 in Changji,Northwest China

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses characteristics of the seasonal variation in phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in the PM_2.5 in the city of Changji, which is located an arid area of Xinjiang Province, northwest China. Samples were collected using a Laoying 2030 median discharge intelligent total suspended particulate (TSP) sampler and analyzed by a Shimadzu GC-2010 gas chromatograph. The results showed that PAEs in PM_2.5 were mainly composed of phthalic acid dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and phthalic acid (2-)ethyl hexyl ester (DEHP). DBP and DEHP are the most commonly used plasticizers, accounting for the majority of plasticizers used, and have large environmental emissions. Compared with the proportions of TSPs, proportions of DBP and DEHP in the PM_2.5 were lower, while the proportions of DMP and DEP were higher. A correlation exists between the distribution of PAEs and the particle size and concentration of atmospheric particulates. Seasonal variations in DBP and DEHP were the same, with lowest concentrations in the summer. Although seasonal variation in DMP was not the same as those of DBP and DEHP, the general trend was similar. Seasonal variation in DEP was different from those of other PAEs. This pattern is related to PAE characteristics and seasonal variations in their sources.