The groundwater–land-surface–atmosphere connection: Soil moisture effects on the atmospheric boundary layer in fully-coupled simulations

This study combines a variably-saturated groundwater flow model and a mesoscale atmospheric model to examine the effects of soil moisture heterogeneity on atmospheric boundary layer processes. This parallel, integrated model can simulate spatial variations in land-surface forcing driven by three-dimensional (3D) atmospheric and subsurface components. The development of atmospheric flow is studied in a series of idealized test cases with different initial soil moisture distributions generated by an offline spin-up procedure or interpolated from a coarse-resolution dataset. These test cases are performed with both the fully-coupled model (which includes 3D groundwater flow and surface water routing) and the uncoupled atmospheric model. The effects of the different soil moisture initializations and lateral subsurface and surface water flow are seen in the differences in atmospheric evolution over a 36-h period. The fully-coupled model maintains a realistic topographically-driven soil moisture distribution, while the uncoupled atmospheric model does not. Furthermore, the coupled model shows spatial and temporal correlations between surface and lower atmospheric variables and water table depth. These correlations are particularly strong during times when the land-surface temperatures trigger shifts in wind behavior, such as during early morning surface heating.     

河北汉诺坝玄武岩中橄榄岩包体矿物的含水性研究——微区红外光谱分析

对12个来自河北汉诺坝玄武岩的橄榄岩包体中的单斜辉石和斜方辉石进行了详细的微区傅立叶变换红外光谱(Micro-FTIR)分析。结果显示,所有的单斜辉石和斜方辉石颗粒都含有以OH形式存在的结构水。对部分粒径较大的辉石颗粒内部的多点分析表明,结构水含量表现出中心高边缘低的不均一分布。这种不均一分布的特征应该来自于包体上升过程中由于压力降低而引起的H扩散。如果用每个样品多个测定颗粒的中心部位的平均值来代表该样品,12个样品的单斜辉石水含量为48×10-6~152×10-6,斜方辉石水含量20×10-6~55×10-6。根据矿物水含量(假设橄榄石的水含量为2×10-6)和它们的体积分数计算的全岩水含量为11×10-6~48×10-6。结合已经发表的橄榄岩包体数据来看,在岩石圈地幔的物理化学条件下,单斜辉石与斜方辉石之间水的平衡分配系数大约为2.2±0.6;岩石圈中水的分布可能具有纵向和横向上的不均一性。     

松辽盆地钱家店铀矿床含矿层位的岩相特征及其与铀成矿的关系

松辽盆地钱家店铀矿床含矿主岩为姚家组中的厚层砂岩。该砂岩上、下隔水层发育，局部夹较多不连续的泥岩透镜体，为辫状河流相沉积成因。平面上辫状河道周围为泛滥平原，以泥质沉积为主，在河道中间局部夹有河道间的沉积，其泥岩夹层多、厚度大，非均质性较强。通过与氧化带、铀矿化的对比分析，发现姚家组的岩相特征和砂体的非均质性对氧化带和铀矿化的分布、形态有明显的控制作用。河道间沉积及砂体中的泥质夹层可以阻碍含铀含氧水的流动，在其附近形成氧化-还原过渡带和铀的富集。砂体均质性较强的部位有利于氧化带的发育，而非均质性较强的部位则有利于铀成矿。     

On the velocity covariance for steady flows in heterogeneous porous formations and its application to contaminants transport

We consider groundwater steady flow in a heterogeneous porous formation of random and stationary log-conductivity Y = ln K, characterized by the mean 〈Y〉, and the two point correlation function C _Y which in turn has finite, and different horizontal and vertical integral scales I and I _v , respectively. The fluid velocity V, driven by a given head drop applied at the boundary, has constant mean value U ≡ (U, 0, 0). Approximate explicit analytical expressions for transverse velocity covariances are derived. The adopted methodology follows the approach developed by Dagan and Cvetkovic (Spatial moments of kinetically sorbing plume in a heterogeneous aquifers, Water Resour. Res. 29 (1993) 4053) to obtain a similar result for the longitudinal velocity covariance. Indeed, the approximate covariances of transverse velocities are determined by requiring that they have the exact first order variances as well as zero integral scale (G. Dagan, Flow and Transport in Porous Formations (Springer, 1989)) , and provide the exact asymptotic limits of the displacement covariance of the fluid particles obtained by Russo (On the velocity covariance and transport modeling in heterogeneous anisotropic porous formations 1. Saturated flow, Water Resour. Res., 31 (1995) 129). Comparisons with numerical results show that the proposed expressions compare quite well in the early time regime, and for Ut/I >100. Since most of the applications, like assessing the effective mobility of contaminants or quantifying the potential hazards of nuclear repositories, require predictions over higher times the proposed approximate expressions provide acceptable results. The main advantage related to such expressions is that they allow obtaining closed analytical forms of spatial moments pertaining to kinetically sorbing contaminant plumes avoiding the very heavy computational effort which is generally demanded. For illustration purposes, we consider the movement of one contaminant species, and show how our approximate spatial moments compare with the numerical simulations.     

Spatial statistics for urban analysis: A review of techniques with examples

Traditionally, urban analysis has been quick to adopt and benefit from developments in technology (e.g., microcomputer, GIS) and techniques (e.g., statistics, mathematical programming). This has not been the case, however, with newer methods of spatial analysis — in particular, spatial statistics. Only recently has this situation started to change. This paper documents the confluence of spatial statistics and urban analysis by first reviewing developments in spatial statistics, and then presenting examples of recent applications in urban analysis. The developments reviewed fall under the rubric of global and local forms of spatial analysis, and cover three major technical issues: spatial association, spatial heterogeneity and the modifiable areal unit problem. The examples highlight the relevance and usefulness of the techniques reviewed for urban transportation and land-use applications. The paper concludes with conjectures concerning future developments at the intersection of spatial statistics and urban analysis.